Human Performance in Running a Multi-Division Form Company Essay

Human Performance in Running a Multi-Division Form Company - Essay Example These semi-autonomous units are guided and controlled by various financial and performance targets that together form core objective of the organization. These units therefore, operate as their own separate entities. Each unit plays a vital role in the organization in areas of conflict management, customer service, employee retention, overall productivity and profitability (Rohlander & Snell, 2009). Multi-divisional form of business is usually adopted by organizations to facilitate prudent changes without encountering an extensive chain of approval. Human performance is therefore a vital factor in ensuring efficiency and effectiveness with regards to productivity of the organization. It is for this reason that firms, both public and private must seek to quantify the value of their human performance. In the process of measuring this performance, several challenges are likely to arise, some intended while others unplanned. Measures must therefore be put in place to minimize the consequ ences of measuring human performance that were not planned. Since there are multiple divisions in these organizations it is of great significance to know both the performance and contribution of each division to the overall performance of the enterprise. Human performance Human performance is at the core of an organization’s well being; it incorporates total quality management, improvement of processes, appropriate employee behavior and sound instructional systems all under the banner of human resource management. In as much as employees are not listed in the balance sheet, they are such an essential asset to an enterprise and their contribution is a vital factor that should not only be quantified but also harnessed for the achievement of the set objectives. Multi-divisional private companies are not listed in the stock markets and therefore the effects of their human performance do not translate into a drop or rise in the prices of their stocks. This is however not the case for public traded companies that have their shares not only affected by financial but also human performance (Rohlander & Snell, 2009). Effectively, when there is news or even a feeling of inefficiency in a public company the ripple effects will be immediately felt at the stock market. This has the dire consequence of insolvency if drastic measures are not taken to make the necessary corrections. Measuring human performance begins with putting in place targets that must be achieved within specific timelines. Each unit (division) is given its overall targets that are then broken down to individual targets. With the kind of autonomy enjoyed by divisions in most M-form businesses, it is very easy for the individual units to then come with performance strategies and the best ways of evaluating the set targets. Multi divisional forms of business therefore help in meeting the needs of employees by enabling managers to delegate various responsibilities leaving them with ample time to monit or and make sure that everything is done for the achievement of an organization’s objectives (Wang &King 2009). This model makes communication between units more effective, problem solving manageable and team work is encouraged. The ways and means of achieving the set

Cyber Incident Response for Blue Moon Financial Term Paper

Cyber Incident Response for Blue Moon Financial - Term Paper Example The company has been faced with several challenges with respect to addressing the network intrusion attacks and cyber security issues because it is ill equipped to deal with such issues. This paper discusses how I will deal with the active network intrusion attack in the company under various sub-topics. The first steps to take in the current scenario are to identify the nature of attack. I am the only person who is qualified and well trained to deal with such issues. Therefore, before informing anyone else about it, I will first find out the type of the attack targeted towards the company. This will be the first step towards stopping the attack because further steps cannot be initiated if the type of attack is not known well. Secondly, I will localize the source. This means that I have to use firewall and IDS logs to try to find out where the attack is coming from to be able to know whether the attack is coming from a compromised host or from the outside world. This is also essential in ensuring that the attack can be stopped as soon as possible (Sharma, et.al, 2015). After this, the next step that I will take entails blocking the attack. Once it source and the nature of attack is clarified, I will take the necessary actions towards blocking it (Youssef, & Emam, 2011). These actions will include pulling the machines that have been attacked from the network, block the access to the network from that IP address if the attack is coming from outside. Depending on the type of the attack, I may have to use ISP if the attack is a DDoS attack. I will also backup the evidence of the attack by keeping the logs generated to ensure that I have a detailed account of the attack. I will also find other compromised machines and use appropriate tools to root out any other machines that have been attacked. The last aspect is to ensure that I do not

Discussing Teens Drug Abuse Problems Social Work Essay

Discussing Teens Drug Abuse Problems Social Work Essay There are various drugs which are abused by teenagers and adults. Most of these are addictive and have adverse health effects to users. The common drugs of choice are alcohol, cigarettes, speed, prescription drugs, heroin, cocaine and marijuana. Alcohol is the most abused drug, and it inhibits judgment among users (Stimson 34-48). Long term use leads to liver and kidney failure. Tobacco, or cigarettes are one of the most addictive drugs and their long term use leads to development of cancer, impotency, lung collapse and others. Cocaine and heroine are drugs which are injected, smoked or taken orally. They are very addictive and they distort reality among users. Long term use may lead to heart problems, mental disorders and high blood pressure. Sharing of needles may transmit STDs while drug overdose may be fatal. Marijuana is another common drug abused and it distorts reality among users. Long term use may lead to mental damage, and some researchers have linked it to development of s chizophrenia. Prescription drugs are also commonly abused by the old and young alike. Although done innocently, these drugs may cause sudden death due to overdose or fatal combination of drugs, as has been witnessed among many celebrities who have died early due to use of prescription drugs (Isralowitz 122-123). Causes of drug abuse There are various causes of drug abuse. Drug abuse can be blamed on parents, friends, individuals and society at large. These causes will be briefly discussed to show how everyone is responsible for the problem of drug abuse. Lack of parental supervision Parents have an important role in their childs upbringing. They serve an important purpose of instilling values in their children through socialization at early age. Parents should ensure that their children are morally upright and that they do not engage in social vices. However, in the modern world, parents have put professional lives ahead of their families and delegated the role of raising children to nannies and teachers. As a result, the children do not acquire much needed guidance on lifes issues, and many end up taking drugs through peer influence. Lack of supervision from parents, who pursue their careers at the expense of their families, can therefore be blamed for the high number of drug abuse cases among teenagers. Parents should supervise their children at all times to avoid negative influence from peers. Poor communication between parents and teens Lack of communication between children and parents, especially during teenage years is also another causality of drug use. Many teenagers are unable to effectively communicate with their parents since neither group understands the others needs. Parents appear too harsh to teenagers while teenagers appear to demanding to parents. When parents and teenagers are unable to effectively communicate about issues teenagers face, teenagers are left to seek advice from peers, who may influence them to take drugs. Parents should understand childrens needs and vice verse, if drug abuse is to be eliminated. Mental Physical abuse Domestic violence and abuse has been one of the most common triggers of drug abuse. When people are emotionally or physically abused, and they do not seek help, they may engage in drugs to forget their problems. Since most abuse cases are perpetrated by close family members, this makes it harder for victims to overcome, and many opt to try out drugs, which they perceive will distort reality and make them forget their concerns (United States Department of Justice Website 2000). Drugs of choice in such circumstances include alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. However, victims are unaware that use of drugs increases their problems since it leads to addiction, which needs to be treated. Publicizing abuse, passing tough laws and offering free help to victims will help reduce abuse cases and thereby reduce drug use cases. Media influence Media influence is a major causality of drug abuse, especially regarding drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. The media makes it appear cool to use such drugs through flashy advertisements in the media. However, less emphasis is placed on adverse effects of such drugs; hence teenagers are influenced to use them without enough information on repercussions faced due to drug use. This leads to addiction, and by the time victims realize, they cannot do without drugs. This influence from media can be stemmed through use of warning labels and bans on certain forms of drug advertising which targets the youth. Warning signs There are various symptoms and warning signs which are associated with drug use. These symptoms vary according to drugs used, genetic make up of users, quantity used, personality and other aspects. It is important to note that presence of a particular symptom does not automatically means that the individual abuses drugs, rather that it shows that further investigation should be done to ascertain drug use by the individual. Some of these signs are discussed below; Dropping Grades Sudden drop of grades without clear reasons may indicate drug use. This may be linked to missing of classes when taking drugs, or harmful effects of drugs which affect the brain and cause poor academic performance. This behavior is usually accompanied by disrespect for school authorities and fellow students. Missing Curfew Missing curfews without adequate explanation of ones whereabouts may also indicate drug use. When teenagers are unable to explain their movements, this shows that they are secretive, and drug use may explain this situation. However, teenagers movements should be established before accusing them of drug use. Disrespectful to parents Drug users are usually disrespectful to other people. This is due to the label which society gives them of drug addicts, which makes them harbor hatred towards society. Teenagers who use drugs are unable to explain their odd behavior to parents and much resort to disrespect as a means of covering up drug use (Giannini 69-73). Others are influenced by drugs to make irrational choices leading to disrespect of family, friends and the community. Stealing lying Stealing is a common trait amongst drug users and it emanates from the need to purchase drugs. Drugs are expensive to purchase and drug users may be forced to steal from family and friends to maintain the vice. When questioned about it, they are likely to lie about it. This makes it a symptom of drug abuse, and parents should be careful to note such behavior from their children. Who to blame Various discussions have centered on who is to blame for the problem of drug abuse. However, there is consensus that everyone is to blame for the problem. Parents have neglected their children and left nannies and teachers to raise them, as they pursue professional goals. Teachers have also neglected students since they focus on academic curriculum at the expense of social development. The society has tolerated drug abuse and perceived it as normal behavior without taking action against drug users (Roleff 39-44). This has left adolescents to seek advice from peers, who may influence them to abuse drugs. Teachers and parents ought to give attention to teenagers and advice them on harmful effects of drug use. The society should also condemn and punish drug users, since this will deter them from practicing the same. Risks involved There are many risks which are involved in drug use. These risks affect the health of the user, their relationships with family, society and friends, and their ability to achieve full potential in later life. In addition to this, some risks may be potentially fatal to users. Risks associated with drug abuse include addiction, health problems, transmission of STDs, accidents, mental disorders and problems with law enforcers. These risks will be discussed below in more detail; Addiction Most drugs are addictive to users. The degree of addiction varies according to several factors including specific drug used, genetic make up of user, quantities used and other factors. However, since most drugs are addictive, users become dependent on the drugs for performance of everyday activities. Drug addiction is the most harmful effect of drugs since it ensures that users are unable to quit drugs, and instead use more quantities of drugs to achieve the state of intoxication over time. Some of the most addictive drugs include cocaine, heroine and tobacco. However, other drugs such as alcohol, prescription drugs and marijuana are also addictive and may make users dependent on them. This makes it expensive to sustain abuse, and users may use illegal means of getting money to satisfy the addiction. Drug manufacturers use the aspect of addiction to ensure they have a steady supply of cash from addicts. STDS Many drugs affect the ability to make reasonable judgments by users. Some drugs, especially alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other hard drugs interfere with decision making abilities of users and may allow them to engage in irresponsible sexual behavior. This behavior may lead to transmission of STDs among people who engage in this behavior after drug abuse. In addiction, users who share needles when injecting themselves may acquire STDs as a result. Some STDs such as HIV are incurable and developing them leads to fatalities after a period of time. Others which are curable are expensive to treat, which leads to financial burdens on families of such drug users. Health problems Several health problems are linked to drug use. In fact, all drugs have a side effect or health problem associated with it. Drugs such as alcohol lead to kidney and liver failure while others such as tobacco may lead to development of cancer or lung damage (Learn about alcoholism website 2009). Hard drugs such as cocaine and heroin may lead to high blood pressure and heart problems. As earlier stated, sharing of needles may transmit STDs. It is clear that all drugs have adverse health repercussions. This leads to high medical costs to victims, and these problems may also lead to fatalities. This is an economic cost to families and governments around the world. Drug overdose may lead to instant death to users. Mental disorders There are various drugs which may lead to the development of mental disorders amongst users. These drugs adversely affect the brain leading to distortion of reality, leading to mental disorders. Drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin and others have been known to cause psychosis and illusions, which may develop into mental disorders. People with such disorders may perform unreasonable acts as they perceive themselves as normal and the rest as abnormal. These disorders are expensive to treat, and may at times be incurable to victims. Accidents Many accidents are caused by drivers or pedestrians who have taken drugs. Alcohol is the most common drug linked to accidents, although others also lead to accidents in our roads. In the US, over 37,000 people died as a result of accidents caused by drink-driving, while this figure exceeded 41,000 in the previous year. These figures show the severity of the matter. This is a matter of great concern especially when sober drivers are exposed to accidents caused by drunk drivers, which end up taking their lives. There are also other accidents at the workplace which are caused by working while intoxicated, especially in industrial plants where there is dangerous machinery. Accidents cause serious injuries or fatalities to victims. Trouble with the law Many drug users are arrested at some point in their lives due to drug use. Drug use causes addiction, which forces users to seek more. Since most drugs are illegal, law enforcers arrest drug users through elaborate schemes and plans put in place to deter drug use. Arrests over drug use have adverse repercussions including heavy fines and prison sentences. It also leaves a record which may affect future employment opportunities. Families suffer when breadwinners are arrested, and one loses employment when arrest over drugs is publicized. This creates a large population of social deviants who are a liability to society. Solutions In order to solve the problem of drug abuse, each society stakeholder should join efforts to fight the vice. The problem of drug abuse needs to be publicized and help given to drug users. In addition, stiffer punishment should be given to traffickers. These and more interventions will be discussed below; Family Counseling Counseling is the first step in solving the drug abuse problem. Users need to accept that they face a problem and counseling will enable them see the effects of drugs to themselves and their families. Family counseling also teaches families to be supportive of drug users in attempts to stop drugs (Evans Sullivan 75-76). This is important as drug users have families as primary socialization units. Family counseling should also address problems such as domestic violence which are causalities of drug abuse. Community and youth programs Community and youth programs educate youth on harmful effects of drugs. These programs also offer youth alternative activities to do with leisure time such as sports activities. When youth are aware of harmful effects of drugs, they are likely to avoid using them, thereby reducing the problem of drug abuse. Harsher punishment In order to deter trafficking and sale of drugs, laws which heavily punish drug use and trafficking ought to be passed. These should involve heavy fines and long prison sentences. When such laws are passed, they will deter drug traffickers, and when drugs are unavailable, the problem of drug abuse will reduce, if not completely eradicated. Harsh laws are very effective in deterring commission of crime. Communication In order to solve the drug problem, better communication between teenagers, teachers and parents should be developed. This will enable teenagers to share their concerns with parents and guardians, who will advice them on choices to make as opposed to peers, who may give wrong guidance and direction. Communication will also provide opportunities to teenagers to be aware of adverse effects of drug use. Summary The problem of drug use has been discussed in detail. Common drugs abused have also been discussed. Drugs have been seen to be harmful not only to users but also to their friends and families. Their harmful effects include health complications, fatalities, loss of employment, and economic burdens amongst other effects. Every member of the society is responsible for the problem of drug abuse and appropriate interventions should be implemented to discourage the vice. These include communication with teenagers, stricter laws against drug trafficking, family counseling and community programs which publicize the problem of drug use. This will ensure that teenagers are safe and free from drug abuse.

chinese religous and ethical systems :: essays research papers

Chinese Religious and Ethical Systems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has often been said that the Chinese are not deeply religious. It is true that they have shown a comparative indifference to metaphysical speculation; Chinese culture was perhaps the first to develop an intellectual skepticism concerning the gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucianism Confucius (Kong Zi) lived from 551 to 479 BC in the state of Lu (in modem Shandong province). He came from a family of officials and his concern was with the restoration of the Way (Dao) of the ancient sages. His teaching was therefore related mainly to society and its government. He advocated strict conformity, and thought that fostering correct behavior, within the context of the family, would produce an ordered society. He was not particularly interested in religion, except insofar as it related to social life. However, in 59 AD during the Han dynasty, it was decreed that sacrifice should be made to Confucius and this began a process that was to make Confucian philosophy into the foundation of the Chinese political order. Confucius himself had only accepted the legitimacy of sacrifice to one's own ancestors, but from now on an official Confucian cult emerged, with its own temples. It gradually became linked with the state cult of the Emperor. From the fifth century AD Confucian orthodoxy retreated before the popularity of Buddhism and Daoism. But a renaissance came during the Sung dynasty when Confucianism responded to the challenge and developed its own metaphysics. This new trend is known as Neo-Confucianism, and its main exponent was Zhu Xi (1130-1200). It subsequently became the main orthodoxy of the scholar officials until the demise of the imperial system in 1912. In contemporary China, the Confucian cult has disappeared, but the Confucian approach to government and society retains a powerful hold on many people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daoism (Taoism) The origins of Daoism are obscure, but it is first seen as a rival to Confucianism. The teachings of early Taoism are ascribed to Lao Zi in the fifth century BC who is the reputed author of the most influential Taoist text, the Dao De Jing (The Way and its Power). Where the Confucian stressed ethical action, the Taoist spoke of the virtue of Wu Wei (non-action), going with the flow of things. Like the Confucians, Daoists looked back to a golden age. The good ruler, they thought, guided his people with humility, not seeking to interfere with the rhythms of social life conducted within the larger patterns of the natural world and the whole cosmos.

Keywords on the Victorian Age

Sigmund Freud -? psychology->Human mind/motivation Religion: Empire: Technology: steam engines, trans Atlantic Telegraph line, big ships, railways, stamps, street lights. Mostly mobility and communication. City: Upper-class (etiquette) Middleman's (servants) lower class (survival) Nature: Art: Man: Matthew Arnold In Harmony with Nature: Stanza 1: â€Å"In harmony with Nature† Restless fool† -? The tone is set, he Is ridiculing the romantics, who see nature as something beautiful and good.The rest of stanza 1 the narrator is saying that it is impossible to be in harmony with nature. To imagine that we, humans can be â€Å"like nature strong, like nature cool†. Stanza 2: â€Å"Know, man hath all which Nature hath, but more. † – the human race has the same attributes as nature (cruelty and stubbornness) but humans are also able to feel pity and remorse, which Is both good and bad. â€Å"Man Is sick of blood† Stanza 3: â€Å"Nature is fickle, man hath need of rest;† Here is another contrast between nature and man. Man needs to be able to rest, but as long as nature is unpredictable, which It is and always will, man will not be able to rest. Nature forgives no debt, and fears no grave† Again the narrator points out that man and nature are incompatible. Man does, in most cases, fear the grave and man are able to forgive debts. That is what makes us human however it also makes us weak. A weakness, which isn't, in any way, present In nature. It links up very well with the next line that says, â€Å"Man would be mild, and with safe conscience blest† It's not that nature is evil; it just doesn't hold the attributes which makes humans human. Nature has no conscience and it's not mild, tauter does not forgive because it does not Judge, nature is cruel because it shows no mercy.The three last lines of stanza 3 sums up the message of the poem. â€Å"Man must begin, know this, where Nature ends; Nature and man can never be fast friends† – Nature has granted us with a frame for our lives it's our Job as humans to build up our homes and grow our fields in order to survive. Nature is a heartless foundation on which we must build our existence. â€Å"Fool, If thou cants pass her, rest her slave! † the final line of the poem says that If you arena strong enough to control ND use nature for your own good you will remain a slave to nature. OFF I en poem Is auto taking control over nature Ana not living along sloe It I en poem claims that it's not possible to live in harmony with nature because nature wont show you mercy if you're in need. You have to provide for yourselves. The poem is a tribute to the industrialists society where man has managed to enslave nature. This view on nature is very much the opposite of how the romantics felt about nature. In romantic literature nature was praised as the place where inspiration and life sprang from.

Food Wastage Essay

Food wastage is a problem faced by every developing and developed country around the world. According to a book by Tristram Stuart,Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal(Penguin, 2009), approximately 40 million tonnes of food are wasted by US households, retailers and food services each year. This is sufficient to feed the nearly one billion malnourished people in the world. Yet in spite of this trend, peope continue to waste food at an alarming rate. Currently, a third of food produced around the world for human consumption is lost or wasted. This is equivalent to about 1. 3 billion tons of edible food every year, and less than a quarter of it is enough to satisfy the hunger of every hungry person in the world. In Hong Kong, 32 tonnes of solid food waste is produced each day, where the mast majority is dumped on the landfills which are running out of space. In tropical climates like Hong Kong, the decomposition of these food emit harmful greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide which capture and retain heat in the atmosphere. This accelerates and exacerbates the severity of global warming. If we stop wasting food that could have been consumed, it would be equivalent to reducing the carbon footprint of one in every four cars on the road. It is also worth noting that, by reducing the amount of food waste that is being sent to the landfill, we can extend the lifespan of the landfills in addition to reducing the burden on Hong Kong’s environment. That being said, it is time we take action to curb the trend of food wastage. In my opinion, there are three strategies to counter this pertinent issue at hand: campaigns by non-government organizations, distribution of free pamphlets in supermarkets, and government policy control on food portions in restaurants. In order the ameliorate the problem of food wastage, it is important to start from the root of the issue-providing education and enhancing social awareness through campaigns. In my opinion, most people are unaware of the severe repercussions that food wastage brings to the environment. By educating the people and raising the awareness, it is fair to say that the problem will at least be mitigated. Campaigns would be a good way to start, and Hong Kong should follow the model in the UK. Love Food, Hate Waste is a non-profit organization in the UK which aims to raise awareness of the need to reduce food waste as well as encourage people to take action. It teaches people easy, practical ways to do at home that helps people waste less food and at the same time, save money and help the environment. For example, it has a user-friendly website which teaches people everything from how to store foods longer to how to make use of leftover foods from dinner for their next meal. It even has a portion tool that helps to estimate approximately how much food a person needs for the meal, based on the type of food it is and the number of people consumingit, so that there is a lower chance of food wastage. For example, if an adult would like to have beef for dinner, it would be approximately 100grams whereas for a child, it would be about 70grams. Love Food, Hate Waste is a successful model that Hong Kong should aim to emulate, because it has user-friendly, practical ways that people can follow so that food waste can be effectively reduced. Another way to alleviate food wastage is to provide free brochures in every supermarket in Hong Kong, so that it raises the awareness of the people. This will help them make informed choices on the quantity of food to buy, as well as how to store them such that they take a longer time to expire. For example, wrapping vegetables in newspaper helps prolong its shelf life. Also, sealing off leftover food in a jar and placing them into the freezer helps exend its expiry date by a few days, if not weeks. Another example is separating apples from other fruits. This is because they give off ethylene gas, which will make other fruit become overripe . That being said, this method of discouraging food waste may be expensive. Printing millions of brochures is economically and environmentally costly. A large amount of money has to put aside for the production of the brochures, while heaps of paper would have to be used to print them. It may be a possible means to raise awareness on food wastage; however it is not the best option available. Last but not least, the government can implement a policy that regulates food portions in restaurants. People waste considerable amounts of food when they eat out, and one of the possible reasons is that they cannot finish their food. Therefore, one proposal is that the government can first impose a policy that controls the portion of meals served by restaurants, in order to wither down on the unnecessary food wasted. Restaurants can provide three serving portions for the customer to choose from-small, regular and large. This provides the suitable quantity of food for the customers such that it balances food wastage and customer satisfaction. Customers who are unable to finish their food will have to pay a penalty or fine. However, this proposal may be sit well with the people in Hong Kong. Some restaurants lure customers with their large food portions for a comparatively cheaper price, and hence if the government were to regulate the food portion of each restaurant, it would certainly face opposition from the owners of these restaurants. Not to mention, it is very difficult to measure the exact quantity of food of each restaurant to determine which category they fall into. While this may be a possible option in future, it is certainly too difficult to measure and monitor this over a long period of time. Large amounts of resources would have to be put in for a policy which may not be popular or effective at all. All in all, food wastage is an urgent problem that needs our immediate attention. Swift action would have to be taken if we were to mitigate this issue before it goes out of hand. We as the citizens of the world should be aware and take responsibility and reduce the environmental impact of solid food waste. The first step to achieving this goal is to advocate campaigns and follow the successful model of Love Food, Hate Waste in the UK. Only then will we start to have a clearer conscience and a better environment to live in.

Police Patrolling Methods

Police Patrolling Methods Free Online Research Papers Policing is an integral part of all civilized societies. For a society to be maintain peace and order the police must have demonstrate effective patrol. Over the years many departments face the same dilemma; how to effectively and efficiently patrol force while maintaining the safest working conditions possible for its officers. There have been several studies conducted in order to find the most effective patrol methods and crime prevention strategies. Several operational studies have been conducted within the Kansas City Police Department, the most well known being the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment which was conducted between 1972 and 1973 by the Kansas City Police Department. The experiment tested the assumption that the likelihood of a crime being committed could be reduced by the presence (or potential presence) of uniformed officers in marked cars. It was also the first study to demonstrate that research into the effectiveness of different policing styles could be carried out responsibly, ethically, and safely. Another internal study conducted by the Kansas City Police Department was their Strategic and Target Oriented Plan, conducted in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, which attempted to produce the most effective workload and patrol strategies to combat the rise the almost 40% increase in Part I offenses. In the early 1990s the Kansas City Police Department conducted another study, the officers were told to proactively patrol neighborhoods with an emphasis on seizing illegal firearms. The officers did this by increasing traffic patrol. A follow up study was conducted in 1995 in order to gauge public opinion of the experiment. In the 1950s Stanley Schrotel published a paper detailing the pros and cons of foot patrol vs. motorized patrol. Studies have also been conducted involving the effectiveness of one-man vs. two-man police patrol cars, the most notable by Frank Day. Studies of one vs. two man police patrol cars have also been conducted in New York, San Diego and Kansas C ity. Kansas City Police Department The first of the Kansas City Police Department evaluations is the Preventative Patrol Experiment. The department wanted to test whether the likelihood of a crime being committed could be thwarted by the presence of the likelihood of a police patrol being present. The experiment was designed to study the impact routine police patrol had on the incidence of crime, the public’s reaction to police patrol and the public’s fear of crime. Three controlled levels of preventative patrol were used; â€Å"reactive† and area which received no preventative patrol, â€Å"proactive† in which police visibility was increases two to three times the usual, and â€Å"control† an area where police patrol activities remained normal. (Brown, Dieckman, Kelling, Pate 1974;7) The study utilized 15 beats evenly divided among the three study variables. (Brown et al 8) Findings were produced on the effect the experimental conditions had on the types of crimes (burglary, auto t heft, larceny-theft of auto accessories, robbery, and vandalism) traditionally considered to be deterrable through preventative patrol. (Brown et al 1974;9) The study revealed that the three experimental patrol areas used had no significant impact in the level of crime, citizen’s attitude toward police patrol, citizen’s fear of crime, or officer response time. The study did however show that officer’s non committed time (60% in the experiment) could be used for purposes other than routine patrol without a negative impact on public safety. (Brown et al1974;vii) Between 1978 and 1981 the department conducted â€Å"Strategic and Target Oriented Patrol Plan† experiment. Fiscal stress was very high in Kansas City as was the rate of Part I crimes being committed, which made the department look for a way to meet their obligations with existing resources. The â€Å"ten-plan† was the first response to the dilemma, it attempted to compensate for lack of patrol by applying an overlap of personnel during peak workload hours. (Caron, Curtin 1984:252) The goal of the â€Å"ten-plan† was not achieved due to the continuing increase of calls for service. Next the department decided to reorganize the beats in order to best meet demands while distributing work evenly throughout the area. The plan called for 65 percent call for service commitment level, which means that if 65 percent of an officer’s time was used was used in a particular beat during a particular shift then he would be assigned full time to that beat while the othe r 33 percent of his time would be used random patrol, administrative activity, etc†¦ (Caron 1984:255) The department also aimed to reevaluate its patrol strategy to allow field officers to handle calls for service and report duties effectively while allowing for proactive attacks on specific crime problems. The department reviewed several alternative patrol strategies. Two concepts emerged as primary alternatives to existing protocols, which were deemed ineffective by the Preventative Patrol Experiment, police specialist and sector-planning. The police specialist concept divided the patrol in two teams, â€Å"A† and â€Å"B†. Team â€Å"A† consisted of single officer cars dispatched to prepare reports arising out of service calls, while also being available to handle emergency calls. Team â€Å"B† consisted of one or two officer cars dispatched to handle calls for service to events in progress. Sector planning grouped beats together with near to equal workloads and a sector sergeant deployed officers to these areas based on monthly crime trends. (Caron 1984:257) The new strategy was named the â€Å"Strategic and Target Oriented Patrol† (or S.T.O.P). After six months of operation the study found that, with few exceptions, the plan resulted in a timely response to peak-hour calls for service there was also a more th an 10 percent drop in Part I offenses. Supervisors were also able to measure individual officer performance. In the early 1990’s the department aimed to locate and seize illegal firearms by using directed patrol. The strategy looked to utilize officers who were free from responding to calls for service and directed them to use aggressive means of traffic enforcement in high crime areas in order to seize firearms. The strategy produced striking results. The increase in traffic enforcement led to an astonishing 65 percent increase in the seizure of illegal firearms and a 50 percent decrease in gun-related crime. (Chermak, McGarrell, Weiss, Wilson 2001:119) In 1995 a follow up study was conducted in order to gauge public opinion about the gun control strategy. According to surveys the public thought the police did not show discrimination or show aggression in any manner towards the citizens they stopped, while observing a high level of legality in their basis for stopping the individuals. It also showed the patrol did not increase community tension and was supported in advance and in r esults by the majority of citizens interviewed. One group who was not surveyed was the offenders who were stopped by police and their illegal firearm seized. It was also found that nearly 1/3 of offenders who were arrested did not live in the Kansas City area. (Shaw 1995;708) The multiple experiments conducted by the Kansas City Police Department provide very useful strategies that could be employed by other departments across the country and even the world to efficiently operate. Foot Patrol vs. Motorized Patrol Foot patrol is performed almost always by uniformed officers on foot, while in some larger cities it is performed by mounted police and in some cases on bicycles. (Schrotel 1954:46) The rationale behind foot patrol was to engage the officer in a friendly relationship with his clientele. Foot patrol however has no guarantee that the desired relationship will be forthcoming, while imposing definite limitations on the effectiveness of the officer’s area served and quality of service. (Schrotel 1954:47) Fatigue is another serious limitation of foot patrol, once the officer arrives on the scene he me be, â€Å"out of breath or ill prepared for an arduous effort.† (Schrotel 1954:48) Schrotel also details the advantages of motorized patrol over foot patrol. He states motorized patrol amplifies the power of police patrol through superior mobility, maneuverability, and speed of movement. While used in conjunction with advanced communication, motorized patrol is the most effecti ve method. (Schrotel 1954:49) One Man vs. Two Man Patrol In 1977 the San Diego Police Department decided to study the effectiveness of one and two man police patrol cars. The study used stratified sampling which considered the patrol area, watch, and former staffing to select 44 patrol units, and assigned half to two man patrols and the other half to one man patrols. The overall performance of both groups pertaining to type and frequency of calls for service activities and officer initiated activities proved to be about equal. (Boydstun, Moelter, Sherry 1977:5) The study had concluded with several findings. The overall efficiency of one officer patrol units clearly exceeded that of two unit patrols even though single officer patrols required more backup support. The study also found that two officer units required less time to service calls than one officer units, but the relative time savings per minute was not enough to offset the overall cost per minute. One officer patrols seems to have an advantage in safety over two officer patrols, with an equivalent amount of exposure one officer patrols experienced less involvement in resisting arrest and equal involvement in assault on officers and other officer injuries. (Boydstun et al 1977:6) Frank Day conducted a study of police departments around the country in regards to one vs. two man patrols. He found one man patrols are more economically sound, cover a wider area effectively, provided more efficient officer performance, and enhanced safety with proper training. The only disadvantage is securing the investment to purchase and equip more cars, and training officers to transition to one man patrols. (1956:704-706) Kansas City Police Department attempted to recreate the results of the San Diego experiment within their own department while also attempting to expand its findings. The Kansas City Department found that two officer cars responded faster to calls but explains that the reason for this is due to the fact that one officer cars need to wait for backup. It is well known however that officers do not always wait for backup. The study also concluded that two one officer cars respond more rapidly than one single officer car. (Kessler 1985:58-60) New York City also wanted to test the feasibility of using one man patrol cars. The study found that an equivalent response time could be reached with one man patrols. This study however should be considered tentative because of the limited data available for NY’s two man patrol. The study also failed to account for an overbearing workload on the dispatchers being able to contact a patrol and send them a call for service. (Green 1984;970) Research Papers on Police Patrolling MethodsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Battle of Berlin in World War II

Battle of Berlin in World War II The Battle of Berlin was a sustained and ultimately successful attack on the German city by the Allied forces in the Soviet Union from April 16–May 2, 1945, during World War II (1939–1945). Armies Commanders Allies: Soviet Union Marshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Konstantin RokossovskyMarshal Ivan KonevGeneral Vasily Chuikovapprox. 2,500,000 men Axis: Germany General Gotthard HeinriciGeneral Kurt von TippelskirchField Marshal Ferdinand Schà ¶rnerLieutenant General Hellmuth ReymannGeneral Helmuth WeidlingMajor General Erich Brenfngerapprox. 766,750 men Background Having driven across Poland and into Germany, Soviet forces began planning for an offensive against Berlin. Though supported by American and British aircraft, the campaign would be entirely conducted by the Red Army on the ground. General Dwight D. Eisenhower saw no reason to sustain losses for an objective that would ultimately fall into the Soviet occupation zone after the war. For the offensive, the Red Army massed Marshal Georgy Zhukovs 1st Belorussian Front to the east of Berlin with Marshal Konstantin Rokossovkys 2nd Belorussian Front to the north and Marshal Ivan Konevs 1st Ukrainian Front to the south. Opposing the Soviets was General Gotthard Heinricis Army Group Vistula supported by Army Group Centre to the south. One of Germanys premier defensive generals, Heinrici elected not to defend along the Oder River and instead heavily fortified the Seelow Heights east of Berlin. This position was supported by successive lines of defenses extending back to the city as well as by inundating the Oders floodplain by opening reservoirs. Defense of the capital proper was tasked to Lieutenant General Helmuth Reymann. Though their forces looked strong on paper, Heinrici and Reymanns divisions were badly depleted. The Attack Begins Moving forward on April 16, Zhukovs men assaulted the Seelow Heights. In one of the last major pitched battles of World War II in Europe, the Soviets captured the position after four days of fighting but sustained over 30,000 killed. To the south, Konevs command captured Forst and broke into open country south of Berlin. While part of Konevs forces swung north towards Berlin, another pressed west to unite with advancing American troops. These breakthroughs saw Soviet troops nearly envelop the German 9th Army. Pushing westward, 1st Belorussian Front approached Berlin from the east and northeast. On April 21, its artillery began shelling the city. Encircling the City As Zhukov drove on the city, the 1st Ukrainian Front continued to make gains to the south. Driving back the northern part of Army Group Center, Konev compelled that command to retreat towards Czechoslovakia. Pushing forward north of Juterbog on April 21, his troops passed south of Berlin. Both of these advances were supported by Rokossovsky to the north who was advancing against the northern part of Army Group Vistula. In Berlin, Adolf Hitler began to despair and concluded that the war was lost. In an effort to rescue the situation, the 12th Army was ordered east on April 22 in the hope it could unite with 9th Army. The Germans then intended for the combined force to aid in defending the city. The next day, Konevs front completed the encirclement of the 9th Army while also engaging the lead elements of the 12th. Unhappy with Reymanns performance, Hitler replaced him with General Helmuth Weidling. On April 24, elements of Zhukov and Konevs fronts met west of Berlin completing the encirclement of the city. Consolidating this position, they began probing the citys defenses. While Rokossovsky continued to advance in the north, part of Konevs front met the American 1st Army at Torgau on April 25. Outside of the City With Army Group Centre disengaging, Konev faced two separate German forces in the form of the 9th Army which was trapped around Halbe and the 12th Army which was attempting to break into Berlin. As the battle progressed, 9th Army attempted to break out and was partially successful with around 25,000 men reaching 12th Armys lines. On April 28/29, Heinrici was to be replaced by General Kurt Student.  Until Student could arrive (he never did), command was given to General Kurt von Tippelskirch. Attacking northeast, General Walther Wencks 12th Army had some success before being halted 20 miles from the city at Lake Schwielow. Unable to advance and coming under attack, Wenck retreated towards the Elbe and U.S. forces. The Final Battle Within Berlin, Weidling possessed around 45,000 men composed of Wehrmacht, SS, Hitler Youth, and Volkssturm militia. Initial Soviet assaults on Berlin began on April 23, a day before the city was encircled. Striking from the southeast, they met heavy resistance but reached the Berlin S-Bahn railway near Teltow Canal by the following evening. On April 26, Lieutenant General Vasily Chuikovs 8th Guards Army advanced from the south and attacked Tempelhof Airport. By the next day, Soviet forces were pushing into the city along multiple lines from the south, southeast, and north. Early on April 29, Soviet troops crossed Moltke Bridge and began attacks on the Interior Ministry. These were slowed by a lack of artillery support. After capturing Gestapo headquarters later that day, the Soviets pressed on to the Reichstag. Assaulting the iconic building the next day, they succeeded in famously hoisting a flag over it after hours of brutal fighting. A further two days were needed to completely clear the Germans from the building. Meeting with Hitler early on April 30, Weidling informed him that the defenders would soon run out of ammunition. Seeing no other option, Hitler authorized Weidling to attempt a breakout. Unwilling to leave the city and with the Soviets nearing, Hitler and Eva Braun, who were married on April 29, remained in the Fà ¼hrerbunker and then committed suicide later in the day. With Hitlers death, Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz became president while Joseph Goebbels, who was in Berlin, became chancellor. On May 1, the citys remaining 10,000 defenders were forced into a shrinking area in the city center. Though General Hans Krebs, Chief of the General Staff, opened surrender talks with Chuikov, he was prevented from coming to terms by Goebbels who wished to continue the fight. This ceased to be an issue later in the day when Goebbels committed suicide.? Though the way was clear to surrender, Krebs elected to wait until the following morning so that a breakout could be attempted that night. Moving forward, the Germans sought to escape along three different routes. Only those who passed through the Tiergarten had success penetrating the Soviet lines, though few successfully reached American lines. Early on May 2, Soviet forces captured the Reich Chancellery. At 6:00 am, Weidling surrendered with his staff. Taken to Chuikov, he promptly ordered all remaining German forces in Berlin to surrender. Battle of Berlin Aftermath The Battle of Berlin effectively ended fighting on the Eastern Front and in Europe as a whole. With Hitlers death and complete military defeat, Germany unconditionally surrendered on May 7. Taking possession of Berlin, the Soviets worked to restore services and distribute food to the citys inhabitants. These efforts at humanitarian aid were somewhat marred by some Soviet units which plundered the city and assaulted the populace. In the fighting for Berlin, the Soviets lost 81,116 killed/missing and 280,251 wounded. German casualties are a matter of debate with early Soviet estimates being as high as 458,080 killed and 479,298 captured. Civilian losses may have been as high as 125,000.

Victor Vasarely, Leader of the Op Art Movement

Victor Vasarely, Leader of the Op Art Movement Born on April 9, 1906, in Pecs, Hungary, artist Victor Vasarely initially studied medicine but soon abandoned the field to take up painting at the Podolini-Volkmann Academy in Budapest. There, he studied with Sandor Bortniky, through which Vasarely learned about the functional artistic style taught to students at the Bauhaus art school in Germany. It was one of a variety of styles that would influence Vasarely before he became the patriarch of Op Art, an abstract form of art featuring geometric patterns, bright colors and spatial trickery. An Emerging Talent Still an emerging artist in 1930, Vasarely traveled to Paris to study optics and color, earning a living in graphic design. In addition to the artists of the Bauhaus, Vasarely admired early Abstract Expressionism. In Paris, he found a patron, Denise Rene, who helped him open up an art gallery in 1945. He exhibited his works of graphic design and painting at the gallery. Vasarely unstintingly joined together his influences- the Bauhaus style and Abstract Expressionism- to reach new levels of geometric precision and foster the Op Art movement in the 1960s. His brilliant works went mainstream in the forms of posters and fabrics. The ArtRepublic website describes Op Art as Vasarely’s â€Å"own geometric form of abstraction, which he varied to create different optical patterns with a kinetic effect. The artist makes a grid in which he arranges geometric forms in brilliant colors in such a way that the eye perceives a fluctuating movement.† The Function of Art In Vasarely’s obituary, the New York Times reported that Vasarely viewed his work as the link between the Bauhaus and a form of modern design that would spare the public â€Å"visual pollution.† The Times noted, â€Å"He thought that art would have to combine with architecture to survive, and in later years made many studies and proposals for urban design. He also devised a computer program for the designing of his art as well as a do-it-yourself kit for making Op Art paintings and left much of the actual fabrication of his work to assistants.† According to the paper, Vasarely said, It is the original idea that is unique, not the object itself. The Decline of Op Art After 1970 the popularity of Op Art, and thus Vasarely, waned. But the artist used the proceeds from his Op Art works to design and build his own museum in France, the Vasarely Museum. It closed in 1996, but there are several other museums in France and Hungary named after the artist. Vasarely died on March 19, 1997, in Annet-on-Marne, France. He was 90. Decades before his death, Hungarian native Vasarely became a naturalized French citizen. Hence, he’s referred to as a Hungarian-born French artist. His wife, the artist Claire Spinner, preceded him in death. Two sons, Andre and Jean-Pierre, and three grandchildren, survived him. Important Works Zebra, 1938Vega, 1957Alom, 1966Sinfel, 1977 Links to nytimes.com/1997/03/18/arts/victor-vasarely-op-art-patriarch-dies-at-90.html

Listening Log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Listening Log - Essay Example There is a sadness that is much more explicit than the original that gives a whole new dimension to the beautifully rendered lyrics. Title: Sweet Dreams Album: Sucker Punch Artist: Emily Browning Year of Release: 2011 Rock Style: Pop Musical Characteristics: Once again, the remake is more haunting, the music creating a more powerful message in that their seems to be more of a threat than the original sung by Annie Lennox. The music is defined by a more ethereal and dream like synthesized backdrop. The sound of Browning’s voice is sweeter than both Annie Lennox or the cover done in 1995 by Marilyn Manson whose tone was far more threatening. Browning creates a wistful, less feminist sound than was created by Lennox, and within the framework of the musical translation, the music sounds more victim oriented than empowering. Comparison The original versions of each of these songs can most easily be identified as pop music, with the Lennox version through the Eurithmics being a bit more alternative in the popular genre as it was being expressed in the 1980s. Both remakes create their variation through a socially relevant musicality that comments on the current social situation over that of the original.

Reem Al Faisals Dilemma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reem Al Faisals Dilemma - Case Study Example Reem experienced righteous anger at this humiliation of another, recognizing the injustice; she could have followed her instincts and beliefs and acted to help the young woman, while upholding her own faith and morals. It was clear that the younger woman held a subservient position, yet that did not mean she deserved to be humiliated or treated as less than a person. It was not mere politeness to recognize and respond to another human being and their needs, but a moral obligation to treat them equally. This idea is not only a tenet of Islam, but of many world religions, like Christianity and Buddhism, to name but two. The basic principle of 'do no harm' was violated by the older woman, whose behavior was immoral. Further moral standards include the idea of giving to those who have less than ourselves, to be charitable, and in this case, the differences were obvious; the young woman was poor in comparison to her 'mistress'. In being deprived of courtesy and respect, she was treated as a non person, and in being offered nothing to eat or drink, this status was reinforced. She had no power, nor was her existence considered to have any value. The older woman defined herself by her power and contempt for another human being. She appeared to lack any charitable instincts and instead, set herself above another person in a way that denied that person's human rights. The fee The feelings of the young woman were not explicitly expressed, but Al Faisal recognized them, putting herself in that person's place. She empathized with her, thinking how she herself would feel, watching others eat and drink, while she was singled out as unworthy of such consideration. The happy experience of sharing food and being involved in human interaction was unfairly denied that young woman, for no logical or just reason. While these aspects were taken into account, alongside shyness, politeness, fear of making a fuss, many thoughts and emotions were passing through the onlooker's mind. She was shocked by the lack of basic humanity, and had feelings of shame and "self-contempt" for not having the courage to put right a wrong. More importantly, the realization that to have done nothing was to abandon Islamic belief caused her pain. As she stated: "..if people do not stop an injustice when they see it committed, then God's anger will descend upon them." Reem was angry, not only with the cruel older woman, but with herself for doing nothing. Her anger was righteous, justified, supported by morality, humanity and religious belief. She should have used it to take a stand on behalf of another. On the other hand, the possibility existed that the situation was not quite as it seemed. The full circumstances of the women's relationship were not known; the onlookers could only assume from what they observed, judging by outward appearances. Making assumptions based on what we think is happening can be dangerous. In polite society, it is not acceptable to force one's possibly mistaken views on others. The young woman did not attempt to ask for food or drink, she could have already eaten. She was quiet, but interested in what was going on around her, looking about the place. By transferring one's own feelings and imagination onto the situation, the truth could have been overlooked; perhaps the observer was jumping to the wrong conclusion It is always better to make an informed decision,

Pre-Code Hollywood and Motion Picture Production Code Essay

Pre-Code Hollywood and Motion Picture Production Code - Essay Example Film history suggests that the moment someone observed that the new medium of "moving pictures" could be used to show images that might not be appropriate for all ages and all lifestyles, the movement toward movie had censorship began. This write-up essays the evolution of this censorship in the form of Production Code and the world of Hollywood before the inception of this code, often called the Pre-Code era of Hollywood. The Pre-Code Hollywood Pre-Code Hollywood is the marquee name for a brief period of time in the motion-picture history, 1930-1934 that interfaced between 1930, the official adoption of Production Code and 1934, the rigorous enforcement of the Production Code (Doherty). The four-year interval marks a fascinating and atypical time in Hollywood History, when the censorship was lax and the industry made the most out of it, exploiting all extreme subjects such as sex, vice, violence, and moral meanings forced upon Hollywood. The phrase reminds cinegoers of the time when trigger-happy gangsters, quipping dames, and disruptive rebels of either gender, ran loose in the anarchistic terrain of American Cinema. During this period, Hollywood cinema reached its liberal heights as never before. Women could play imperfect roles and not simply virginal doormats or monstrous vamps; actions could be morally and ethically ambiguous, colored in shades of grey, not just black and white; social and political problems could be discussed without constraints, and sex, seduction and malignity were not taboo subjects (Dohetry). The starting point of the pre-code period in Hollywood has been at the hearth of much discussion amongst researchers. One sect of people consider the onset of sound movies in late 1920s to lead to the commencement of this era while another sect of scholars believe March 31st, 1930 to be the beginning of this era, the date when Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) pledged to abide with by the Production Code (that was bein g written). Pre-Code in context: It is only logical to look into factors that drove Hollywood towards extremism in their content and nature. To understand the context of Pre-Code Hollywood, it is important to see the other internal and external environments that cusped with this development. It should be noted that at the time of the conception, America was going through The Great Depression, one of the worst years in the history of United States. Ironically, in such desperate times, Hollywood was revolutionized by two media developments - commercial radio broadcasting and synchronized sound cinema. Interfacing issues such as crippling economy, skyrocketing expenses of new sound technology and market erosion by radio brought Hollywood to a desperate state – unparalleled cultural and financial breakdown. As the most noticeable supplier of the national mythos, Pre-Code Hollywood negotiated the cultural disturbances by venting radical bents and reformulating American traditions into DreamWorks and an illusionary seductive world. Though later lauded for forthright sex and bare skin, Pre-code Hollywood was more about economics than erotica. Despite

Is Fashion important Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Is Fashion important - Essay Example Human nature is such that most people judge others without really caring to know their personality. Just as simple as looking at someone, it is possible to determine if an individual is stylish, neat, trendy, lazy, or disorganized (Evans 32). While one does not need to strive to be perfect every time, basic thought and upkeep into one’s appearance makes a huge difference in how people perceive the individual. Fashion also helps people to be creative. When people create something that they like, which ends up being successful, they feel good about themselves (Kawamura 21). For instance, a person who wears an outfit that he or she has never worn before and is complemented about it will have an increase in self-confidence and self-esteem. This makes the individual more willing to try out new things as he or she knows that it will be appreciated. Once an individual understand that there is no problem with looking different in comparison to the rest of society, they begin to acquire a signature look and style. This makes them less vulnerable to being stressed about their style. They do not feel the pressure of appearing similar as the rest. Through this, people gain confidence in themselves, promoting creativity in their lives and being expressive about

How To Recruit And Train New Employees Research Paper

How To Recruit And Train New Employees - Research Paper Example Certain methods of recruiting new employees are likely to be preferred HR managers as they have been extensively tested and their effectiveness has been verified in practice. Challenges that employers have to face when having to recruit new employees A series of issues need to be taken into consideration by employers when they have to recruit new employees. Training of new employees Why training is necessary in modern organizations The necessity of training within modern organizations can be justified by referring especially to the following fact: new employees cannot respond to their duties unless they are given clear explanations on the vision and values of the organization but also on the demands of their position. Training methods used in firms worldwide in regard to new employees HR managers are able to choose among a series of training methods appropriate for new employees; the training methods chosen for new employees depend on the organizational environment, the demands of each role but also on the capabilities of the participants/ new employees. Challenges related to the training of new employees Training is not equally effective among new employees, even when referring to new employees hired in the same department. A series of factors can influence the performance of new employees in regard to a particular training method. Conclusions and Recommendations The recruitment and training of new employees are affected by various conditions in the internal and external organizational environment. HR managers have the responsibility to ensure that the recruitment and training of new employees are carefully planned so that risks are minimized and the needs of the organization involved are covered. 1. Introduction The achievement of organizational goals is highly depended on the ability of leaders to support employees within all organizational departments. However, during the development of organizational activities the need for increasing the staff of the organization is expected to appear. In this context, recruiting new employees becomes unavoidable for HR managers in all organizations. Today, the recruitment of new employees is considered as a key organizational sector, helping to address emergent organizational needs or to develop complex organizational tasks. In order for new employees to respond to the needs of their role they have to be adequately supported; appropriately customized training programs are available to new employees in organizations worldwide. The methods used by HR managers in regard to the recruitment and training of new employees are analysed in this paper. Reference is also made to the challenges that HR managers are likely to face when developing such projects. The value of these initiatives is also explaining aiming to justify the reasons for which these projects are highly promoted within organizations in all industries. The review of the literature published in the specific field reveals that leaders in modern organization are aware of the value of new employees for securing orga nizational performance; however, often, the methods chosen for incorporating new employees within the organization are not appropriate, either because of the strong resistance within the

Michigan's Responce to the PBB Crisis in the 1970s Essay

Michigan's Responce to the PBB Crisis in the 1970s - Essay Example The Michigan Chemical Corporation in St. Louis, Michigan was the main producer of the FireMaster brand of these PBB flame retardants. The brand FireMaster BP-6 was made out of a mixture of various PBB congeners with 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexabromobiphenyl and 2,2’3,4,4’,5,5’-heptabromobiphenyl as major components based on mass2. Other components of FireMaster products include bromochlorobiphenyls and polybrominated naphthalenes3. These components combined created the unfortunate animal and human health consequences seen in the Michigan chemical disaster. The FireMaster BP-6, in 1973, was accidentally added to livestock feed which was then distributed to various farms in Michigan4. Shortly thereafter, various livestock started dying. About 1.5 million chickens, 30,000 cattle, 5900 pigs, and about 1400 sheep died immediately after being contaminated and their carcasses were managed in landfills in different parts of the state5. About a year would pass before the animals would be culled6. This incident was caused by poor labeling procedures of the company with thousands of pounds of FireMaster being mistakenly labeled as magnesium oxide and delivered to companies manufacturing animal feed. After contamination, most of the animals exhibited mild symptoms like disorientation; others however became very much sick, manifesting internal bleeding and skin lesions. Others died immediately after contamination7. ... hey did not know the actual cause of these deaths and most of them did not perceive that the tainted meat from these livestock would imply a major health threat9. As a result, meat from some of the sick animals was added into the animal feed. This caused further contamination of other animals. Meat from the healthy cows was also sold in the markets for human consumption10. Moreover, chickens which were fed the contaminated feeds lay eggs which were also tainted with PBBs. All in all, thousands of people in Michigan were actually ingesting PBB-contaminated foods and did not even know about it11. Symptoms of PBB poisoning among humans is often based on the amount or level of contamination; mostly it includes stomach problems, abnormal bleeding, loss of balance, skin lesions, and a decreased resistance to diseases12. Many farmers and their families developed health issues attributed to PBB contamination and in general, the long-term impact of PBB among Michigan residents is still persis tent because of the long-term impact of the PBBs13. In fact, it would take more years to pass before the full impact of the contamination would ever be known. The disaster also gained much attention for their continued impact on livestock, with nearly all of the large dairy farms in Michigan reporting cattle and other animal deaths14. Many of their cows also started aborting and most of them soon started to look sick, with their coats becoming mangy and hooves overgrowing. Consultants from the Michigan Department of Agriculture launched their investigation of these incidents; however, they too could not establish the cause of these incidents15. Eventually however, investigators uncovered that chemical workers at the Michigan Chemical Corporation mistakenly mixed chemical polybrominated

How To Recruit And Train New Employees Research Paper

How To Recruit And Train New Employees - Research Paper Example Certain methods of recruiting new employees are likely to be preferred HR managers as they have been extensively tested and their effectiveness has been verified in practice. Challenges that employers have to face when having to recruit new employees A series of issues need to be taken into consideration by employers when they have to recruit new employees. Training of new employees Why training is necessary in modern organizations The necessity of training within modern organizations can be justified by referring especially to the following fact: new employees cannot respond to their duties unless they are given clear explanations on the vision and values of the organization but also on the demands of their position. Training methods used in firms worldwide in regard to new employees HR managers are able to choose among a series of training methods appropriate for new employees; the training methods chosen for new employees depend on the organizational environment, the demands of each role but also on the capabilities of the participants/ new employees. Challenges related to the training of new employees Training is not equally effective among new employees, even when referring to new employees hired in the same department. A series of factors can influence the performance of new employees in regard to a particular training method. Conclusions and Recommendations The recruitment and training of new employees are affected by various conditions in the internal and external organizational environment. HR managers have the responsibility to ensure that the recruitment and training of new employees are carefully planned so that risks are minimized and the needs of the organization involved are covered. 1. Introduction The achievement of organizational goals is highly depended on the ability of leaders to support employees within all organizational departments. However, during the development of organizational activities the need for increasing the staff of the organization is expected to appear. In this context, recruiting new employees becomes unavoidable for HR managers in all organizations. Today, the recruitment of new employees is considered as a key organizational sector, helping to address emergent organizational needs or to develop complex organizational tasks. In order for new employees to respond to the needs of their role they have to be adequately supported; appropriately customized training programs are available to new employees in organizations worldwide. The methods used by HR managers in regard to the recruitment and training of new employees are analysed in this paper. Reference is also made to the challenges that HR managers are likely to face when developing such projects. The value of these initiatives is also explaining aiming to justify the reasons for which these projects are highly promoted within organizations in all industries. The review of the literature published in the specific field reveals that leaders in modern organization are aware of the value of new employees for securing orga nizational performance; however, often, the methods chosen for incorporating new employees within the organization are not appropriate, either because of the strong resistance within the

The Plight of the Mentally Ill Homeless in the US Essay Example for Free

The Plight of the Mentally Ill Homeless in the US Essay Introduction The issue of homelessness in the US has been of serious concern since the 1980s when the problem first became apparent. Budget deficits, brought about by massive diversions to military spending, forced a cutback on most social services. Today, approximately 7% of the population has been homeless at least once in their lives. Estimates place the number of people who experience homelessness each year at 3 million, more than half of which are families with children. (Donohoe, 2004) Of that number, roughly 25% have serious and chronic mental problems. (Mental Illness and Homelessness, 2006) The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical and social context to homelessness in the US, with particular focus on the mentally ill. Current statistics and demographics for the mentally-ill homeless will also be presented followed by an analysis of programs currently being undertaken with regards to this sector of the population. The Numbers The homeless population can be divided into three types based on how long and often they are homeless. About 80% are temporarily homeless, those who experience a single, short period (about two weeks) of homelessness that is not repeated. The episodically homeless (approximately 10% of the homeless population) are also short-term spells of homelessness but may be repeated at unpredictable intervals over a period of time. The chronically homeless, 10% of the population, request the use of homeless assistance facilities and services over a protracted period at frequent intervals. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003) Overall, 39% have reported mental illness of which 25% are considered seriously ill. Among the last group, 50% are mentally ill or with substance abuse problems. This translates to approximately 150,000 chronically homeless, mentally ill people at any given time, and the mentally ill homeless have the most difficulty in relinquishing assistance programs. Of this population, 23% are veterans. (National Mental Health Information Center, 2003) Characteristics of the homeless mentally ill The mentally ill are often have been institutionalized at some point in their lives, and may have been involuntarily committed or have received treatment unsuitable for their condition. Since they are not completely functional because of their disability and poor hygiene, they tend to be prone to physical ailments, such as respiratory disease, HIV, and tuberculosis, that remain untreated until an advanced stage, if not death. They are usually members of a community that have become alienated from friends and family because of their disability and institutionalization, losing whatever support system they may have had. Many have been charged with misdemeanors, and their life expectancy is approximately 45 years. (National Mental Health Information Center 2003) Causes of homelessness among the mentally ill The 1960s saw an initiative to reduce the number of mental hospitals in the US because of reports that patients were receiving indifferent treatment, and to transfer the institutionalized to community-based treatment centers. However, practically all states where unable to provide adequate facilities for the accommodation of the released patients. Many were reduced to becoming homeless. (Peirce, 2001) In the 1980s, budget constraints forced even more premature releases from managed care of people suffering from schizophrenia or manic depression, overburdening an already bogged-down system. In a study of 187 released patients from Metropolitan State Hospital in Massachusetts, 27% had been homeless for more than 6 months, 66% of whom having no access to proper medication. There are more untreated mental cases in the population than the 90,000 receiving treatment in hospitals. In Berkeley, California, as many as 500 mentally ill people wander the city on any given night. (Homelessness: Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment, 2003) Federal assistance programs are often inadequate to provide housing for this disabled population, and rising housing costs make it difficult even for mentally stable people to obtain suitable housing. Mentally ill people are less likely to obtain steady employment and, though having no need for long-term institutionalization, are in need of regular access to treatment and rehabilitation services in order to function independently. The paucity of community-based health centers and suitable housing facilities increases the risk of homelessness for the mentally ill. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Homelessness is mostly associated in urban areas (Armour, 2003), 71% in cities, 21% in the suburbs and 9% in rural (National Mental Health Information Center, 2003). It is therefore mainly for city officials to address the problem of homelessness, especially the mentally ill who are most vulnerable to chronic homelessness and most in need of city social services. However, the response of most cities is to make it a crime to be homeless, and many of the mentally ill homeless are incarcerated in conditions that will only worsen their condition. In the Twin Towers jail in Los Angeles, commonly referred to as the biggest jail in the world, 2,000 of the inmates are mentally ill, some imprisoned for many years for minor transgressions. Police authorities often have no other place to put them but in jail. (Campbell, 2003) Homeless people with mental disorders are not only more likely to die from poor physical health as a consequence of their disability, they are more likely to be raped, die from accidents and exposure to the elements, and murdered. There is a tendency for the general population to shun the homeless because of fear and intolerance for perceived laziness, and the mentally ill homeless are regarded as dangerous and unpredictable. Many treat the mentally ill homeless as sub-humans. (Homelessness: Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment, 2003) Initiatives Undertaken for the Mentally Ill Homeless The U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs has provided one of the largest percentages of public health care in the US, accommodating more than 8% of inpatient psychiatric care. Since 23% of the homeless mentally-ill population is veterans, the provision of such targeted psychiatric services to an at-risk population is a positive factor in the fight against the increase of the homeless mentally-ill. (Gamache, Rosenbeck and Tessler, 2000) However, for the other sectors of the homeless population, the Veterans Affairs program does not apply. In efforts to provide a more comprehensive blueprint for address the issue of the homeless mentally ill, several studies have been undertaken. A two-year University of Pennsylvania study published in the Housing Policy Debate of 5,000 homeless with serious mental problems in New York stated that it cost the same amount in public dollars to provide supportive housing, health services and employment assistance to the mentally ill as to provide social services to homeless people for the same period. (Franzen, 2001) The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) initiated the federal Continuum Care Program to combat homelessness, the core of which is called the Continuum of Care Initiative, which began a study of 4,000 homeless people in 1996 aimed at identifying factors that pertain to homelessness in the US. The HUD released the report entitled â€Å"The Forgotten Americans Homelessness: Programs and the People They Serve† in 2000. It was reported that 39% of the subjects were mentally ill. The report identified the primary goal of the homeless (find employment) and how much of the population reacted favorably (76% who lived as families and 60% who lived alone ended homelessness) to access to housing, health care and other needed services. The report outlined strategies that resulted in a US$45 million additional funding for homeless programs in 2000 and helped finance housing, employment and other self-sufficiency programs for 300,000 homeless people. (Tyler, 2002). In 2003, the U. S.Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) followed up on the HUD initiative and submitted a report that showed that health care costs of a homeless medically-ill person was US$ 11,000 more a year than that of the same person after being provided with suitable housing. The Needs of a Chronically Homeless Person Cross Many Service System Boundaries Source: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003). Ending Chronic Homelessness: Strategies for Action. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://aspe. hhs.gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htm#ch2 In response to these studies, the following services were identified as necessary for ending homelessness among medically ill people: information and referral; outreach and engagement; mental health and counseling services; inpatient services; income management and support; residential treatment services; discharge planning; life skills services; education and skills training; and employment services. With a time frame of 10 years, the HHS outlined three goals of the initiative: 1. Provide easier access for at-risk populations to treatment and support services by simplifying document requirements, increasing outreach programs and extending the period of eligibility for benefits. Strategies to assist service providers in carrying out the objectives of the assistance programs, such as inter-agency collaboration for data sharing, in-service training for mainstream service providers as well as a marriage of homeless-specific and mainstream service providers working in tandem to provide services for eligible patients are also suggested. 2. Promote efficiency and flexibility in allocating funds that address chronic homelessness by encouraging cooperation between concerned departments in the federal, state and local levels in terms of programs and service delivery. Incentives are to be formulated to encourage such collaboration, especially when it comes to mainstream and homeless-specific funding sources. The need for a coordinating body was pinpointed. 3. Reduce the number of the homeless population by identifying populations at risk (i. e.veterans, deinstitutionalized mental patients) and providing programs that would ensure the ability to acquire decent housing such as employment assistance and regular health monitoring. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003) The response at the city level, where the issue of the homeless is most pressing, has been mixed. Some cities still handle homelessness using punitive measures. In Sarasota, Florida, a person can be arrested for having no other place to live. Business leaders in Lawrence, Kansas, pressured city hall to curtail social services and pass ordinances targeted at the homeless. The anti-panhandling law in Atlanta, Georgia was imposed on a Hurricane Katrina evacuee after he was caught selling wares in an upper-class mall. Supportive housing was also banned within the city limits. In Little Rock, Arkansas, homeless people are not allowed on buses even if they have tickets, simply because they are homeless. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Other cities are more constructive. The Ft. Lauderdale police department and The Taskforce for Ending Homelessness, Inc.have teamed up to form the Homeless Outreach Team to provide social services and place the homeless in shelters in Broward County, Florida, cutting down the arrest record of the homeless by 2,400 annually in the 5 years of the program’s operation. The Homeless Outreach Psychiatric Evaluation Team in Pasadena, California is a partnership of the Pasadena Police Department and the Los Angeles Department of Health to provide mental health services to the homeless population. A tri-city cooperation in Ohio fund programs that provide social services at during off-hours to people ineligible for state assistance. The Homeless Court Program formed in 1989 in San Diego, California assists the homeless in resolving misdemeanor charges that prevent their access to benefits such as housing and employment. In Washington, D. C. , business owners solved the problem of the homeless wandering the street during the day when shelters are closed by establishing a day center that can accommodate 260 people where they can get a meal, shower and do laundry. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006) Proposed Plan for Community-Based Assessment Program. The following is a generic plan and timetable for a community-based program composed of volunteers in collaboration with local police authorities based on needs assessment criteria designed to assess the level of intervention required for a population of 5,000 residents. Recruitment and orientation of potential members through flyers and announcements at the community or city hall 1 month Data gathering on the homeless population based on arrest records and field research 3 months Tracking down identified homeless people and conducting interviews to identify perceived needs 6 months. Analysis of interviews by trained professionals for recommendations on the services needed for the target population 1 month Submission of results and recommendations of the study to the concerned city and community departments to acquire funding and other assistance 1 month The above plan will address the needs of a specific population with particular demographic and social factors that will determine the type and scale of social services, health management, housing and employment assistance that would most effectively eliminate the homeless mentally ill population. The smallness of the target population will make it more manageable, especially for volunteer organizations, and easier to acquire and manage funding for whatever needs that are identified. Conclusions Studies have shown what police authorities and social organizations have been pointing out for some time: the costs of incarcerating and treating mentally ill homeless people would be greatly reduced if they receive regular treatment and medication and provided with the ability to take themselves off the streets. (Campbell, 2003) This would mean more funds for more people receiving community-based health and housing privileges. The proposed plan for needs assessment is only the initial stage for providing for the homeless mentally ill at the community level for small populations. Many studies deal with the needs of a large population that may not be applicable in the micro-level, especially if the community in question has particular cultural and social issues unique to that community. It may also serve as a model to identify other subgroups of the homeless such as those substance abuse problems. It must be brought to the next level, actual service and support delivery. Many of the initiatives in all levels of public social service access are headed in the right direction, mostly as a result of recommendations from comprehensive studies of the issue. Inter-agency collaborations are providing good models for all communities to follow, but they are a handful compared to the magnitude of the problem at hand. More cooperation is needed to make effective use of funds, mainstream and homeless-specific service providers, law enforcement agencies and volunteer organizations. Moreover, the homeless mentally ill are still victims of public ridicule and loathing. People of the community must acknowledge that the most effective way to assist the homeless mentally off the streets and into productive lives is by providing social services, mental health access, employment assistance and supportive housing at the community level. In the long run, the most cost-effective way getting rid of them is to make them productive, functioning citizens. References Armour, S. (2003) Homelessness grows as more live check-to-check. USA Today.Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www. usatoday. com/money/economy/2003-08-11-homeless_x. htm Campbell, D. (2003) 300,000 Mentally Ill in US Prisons. Common Dreams. org. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www. commondreams. org/headlines03/0303-09. htm Donohoe, M. (2004) Homelessness in the United States. Medscape Ob/Gyn Women’s Health. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/481800 Franzen, H. (2001) Housing Mentally Ill Homeless People Makes Economic Sense. Scientific American Inc. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www.sciam. com/article. cfm? articleID=000EF22A-AA04-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F Gamache, G, Rosenbeck, R. and Tessler, R. (2000) Factors Predicting Choice of Provider Among Homeless Veterans With Mental Illness Psychiatric Services. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. psychservices. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/full/51/8/1024 Homelessness: Tragic Side Effect of Non-Treatment (2003) Treatment Advocacy Center. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. psychlaws. org/generalResources/fact11. htm Maleque, S. and Brennan, V. (n. d. ) Homeless Mentally Ill. Factline: Tracking Health in Undeserved Communities. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. meharry. org/Fl/Mental_Health/Homeless_Mentally_Ill. html#mh%20disab National Coalition for the Homeless (2006) Mental Illness and Homelessness. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www. nationalhomeless. org/publications/facts/Mental_Illness. pdf National Coalition for the Homeless (2006) Report accuses US cities of criminalizing the homeless. City Mayors Society. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www. citymayors. com/society/homeless_usa2. html. National Mental Health Information Center (2003) Homelessness Provision of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://mentalhealth. samhsa. gov/publications/allpubs/homelessness/ Peirce, N. (2001) Help for the Mentally Ill Homeless: Rectifying a 30 Year Old Problem. Stateline. org. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www. stateline. org/live/ViewPage. action? siteNodeId=136languageId=1contentId=14273 Tyler, R. (2002) Homeless in America. NewsHour Extra. Retrieved January 31, 2007 from http://www. pbs. org/newshour/extra/features/july-dec02/homeless.html U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003) Ending Chronic Homelessness: Strategies for Action Chapter 2. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://aspe. hhs. gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htm#ch2 U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003) Ending Chronic Homelessness: Strategies for Action Chapter 5. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://aspe. hhs. gov/hsp/homelessness/strategies03/ch. htm#ch5 U. S. Departmentof Veterans Affairs (2006) Overview of Homelessness. Retrieved February 1, 2007 from http://www1. va. gov/homeless/page. cfm? pg=1.

Study On The Importance Of Green Banking Finance Essay

Study On The Importance Of Green Banking Finance Essay Introduction In our life money has always play an important and crucial role in almost in every aspect. And in this, bank is an institution which mainly deals with money. According to Freixas and Rocher bank is an institution whose current operations consists in granting loans and receiving deposits from the publics (1999, p1). Till date, the banking industry has improvised his products and facilities to provide it to their customer. No one has imagined that 100 yrs ago, that bank will play a crucial role in 21th century. Now banks are influencing the development and the growth of the economy in the way of both quality and quantity. The major source of financing investment of banking sector is from commercial projects which are important for economic growth. Hence, for promoting socially responsible investment and environmentally sustainability banks play a vital role in it. As we know banks themselves is not a polluters but its having relationships with some companies and institution which are p olluter or could be in future. Banks are environmental friendly as in term of pollution and emission in its sector. In banking sector the internal environment impact is very low and clean as in the usage of water, energy and paper. The impact is not related with banks activities but with it customers activities. Therefore, the impact of external activity is enormous which is difficult to estimate. And environmental management is like a risk management it increases the value of an institution and lowers down the loss ratio. Thus banks should encourage prudent lending and environmentally responsible investment to the institution. Further those industries which are become green and those which are on its way to get green they have to fulfil the priority to lending by the banks. This process of finance can be called as Green Banking to restore the natural environment banks makes the industries to grow green. The concept of green banking will be equally beneficial to the industries institution banks and economy. Internationally, banks and institutional investor for environmentally responsible/ socially responsible investment projects having their growing concern about it rate (Earth submit, 1992). Financial institution and bank can effectively achieve this goal because they have played an intermediary role in an economy and to the number of investors. Now-a-day environmental issue is not only a concern of the government and direct polluters, it also a concern of those institutions which are stake holders and partners of their business. So the bank and other financial institution can provide a vital support in maintain the environmental protection and sustaining the economic development. The bank operate on long term return on their investment and credit, due to the environmental liability there is risk of non -payment and in the reduction of value in credit extension and investment. So it will get more important for the banking sector to follow certain safe procedure for the environment evaluation of the projects before providing them funds. There are some studies has been shown in the positive correlation between financial performance and environmental performance (Hamilton, 1995; Hart, 1995). Thus it will get more important for the banks and other financial institution in the context of environment performance whether to invest in companies or advise client to do so. The environmental management has to follow different rule formation for conservation of the resources like clean water act, toxic substance control act, clean air act. All these are environmental liability for banking institution in a recent (Bindhu.N.Nayak, 2008). Adopting all these principle will be beneficial for the banking sector and to the financial institution as to consumers and also their stake holder. On international scale various strategies has been adopt to sustain development. The multilateral financial and development institution and international consortium has been building up the standard of environment and strategies to estimate the investment projects. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the issue of the banking sustainability and how it can play a role for the sustainable development and growth for the economy, particularly in the India aspect. Methodology The most important and difficult part of the project is methodology. As in this project the research method which is been use to examine the importance of the green banking in economy to sustain the environment with the help of it. There are certain sources to collect a data for the project such as working papers, academic journals, and relevant books. The research has been done by getting secondary data from genuine source such as articles, journals which are issued by genuine newspaper agencies of a specific country. The project is based on the secondary data analysis as getting primary data is difficult because whatever the policies is taking consideration in bank is taken by the top management authorities and it is hard to have interaction with them in personally. Research Methodology Research is to be done to figure out the proper knowledge of the subject in a systematic way. It is analytical and hard working process to figure out the about the fact and theory. The term methodology refers the theory of how research should be done (Saunders, 2009). According to Welman and Kruger (2001) there are various techniques and methods in order to get effectively and scientifically correct information of the subject by applying objective method. Systematically Review The research of this subject is done on the basis of systematic way. And there is already material has been published by a genuine source on this particular subject. As it is said by Gronhaugh and Ghauri (2005) that the word systematic suggest research is based on logical relationship and not just belief. As method of research is consist of explanation of the data collection and the outcome of the facts from the study and finding the limitation of the subject. As Tranfield (2003) stated that traditional reviews are generally lack of information and some time the source of information was not authentic. Therefore, traditional review should be done very carefully and selective which include the evidence which is supported by the genuine authors summaries (Critical Appraisal Skill Programme, 2005). Quantitative and Qualitative Investigation of Methods: It is necessary, first to understand the difference between qualitative and quantitative investigation methods. Generating or using numerical data is called Quantitative data technique and generating of non numerical data is called qualitative technique. If both techniques are using to approach the data then its called mixed method (Saunders, 2009). According to Smith (1981) every method has its own weakness and strength. And as result may be differ as the use if the different technique and approaches by the researcher. Usually researcher goes for the qualitative approaches which consist of analysation of words through illustration and non- standardised frame work and comparison. As the project is an illustrative research and the objective is to understand the importance of the Green Banking in the India. Corbun and Strass (1990) has explained that the use of qualitative method is to understand the aspect of the subject. And it can be useful in understanding more about the subject which is already known. Quantitative methods can be use to gain insights approach to the issue which is sometime not possible to get the results from the quantitative method. Therefore, to describe key issues researcher prefer to use the quantitative methods especially in the case of transfusion service management which is not possible to get through from the quantitative method. The classical structure of literature reviewing according to the researcher is like; Study of basic level of banks and its importance in the economy. And research has been done on the Green Banking at international level. Then at what level Green banks are taking initiative in the Indian economy. Accumulation of the Green banking policy and more narrows down to the work to get the objective of research. To get the transparent literature review, researcher have to describe all the approaches which make to search the selected literature, key words, outline of the choice and data base (Tranfield, 2003). To analysis the literature several journals, books, articles and electronic base data were use. Source of Tool: To get the relevant material Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India site have been re-examine which is an official website of India. There are other search engine has been used such as Google scholar and University Library site has been used to gather the resources but university Library site is come to notice that there are very less journal are available regarding Green Banking. Analysis of Secondary Data: According to Haakim (2000) secondary data from different sources can also be combined if they have the same geographical basis, to form area based data sets to get the answer of the research question secondary data can be use as in getting the objectives which is aimed for the ample assembly. Genuineness of the facts is tested by the reputed database which is publicised by the authentic resource. The aim of this study is to analysis the secondary data methods while investigating the facts and do the international comparisons and to understand the potential outcome that why Green Banking is very important in the developing countries and how they are playing a crucial role in sustaining the development of the economy like India. Aim and objectives of research: The purpose is to learn what strategies leaders in emerging market growth have adopted to attract FDI and how financial services play major role. The purpose is to develop a model for both categories and test the model empirically to substantiate the hypotheses. What are the lessons that laggards can learn from these leaders? The study intends to show a path to the PIN countries and other markets that will emerge in next two decades. Therefore the objectives of this research are as follows: To illustrate the benefits and shortcomings of Foreign Direct Investments in developing countries like India and China. To understand the impact of FDI on gross domestic product of these emerging countries. To examine current situation these economies and analyse the future possibilities of growth. Limitations of the study: This is systematic review based study of the available literature in the area of Green Banking. Genuiness is the touchstone of Analysising the literature. Whereas, there are general and accurately presented material is available about Green Banking in European countries but very few literature was found related to the Green Banking in India. And even thought their not much significant data or literature has been get from the Google scholar and University Library or any other search engine regarding Green Banking in India. Whereas, sincere efforts has been done by the researchers to get the authentic data from the genuine source and the judgement has been done on the secondary the data. Research of the Credibility: There is certain research tool to examine the credibility like Generalisability, Reliability, and validity. Dochartaigh (2002) described it as,assessing the authority or reputation of the source. Validity: In the case of qualitative research the degree of validity is to be tested. To get the correct result, test of validity is important. Validity is concerned with whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about, is the relationship between two variables a causal relationship.(Saunders, 2009). This is a valid research because it is based on systematic data analysis from the genuine resource and on the basis of this research the question has been answered. Reliability: Reliability define by Joppe (2000) it is a consistent of a result which represent the accurate number of data is presented over the time and the study of result reproduced the same methodology then it can be said that research is reliable. If the research contains the systematic review of the available secondary data of same objective with a same topic and same results then the research of study is reliable (Golafshani, 2003). Triangulation: The term triangulation means that the collection of different data technique, which ensure about what you are thinking that they are telling you (Saunders, 2009). According to Mathison (1998) it is crucial for the methodological issue in quantitative and naturalistic approaches to establish valid proposition and get control on bias because alternative epistemology is incompatible with the scientific traditional techniques. But this research is based on the secondary data analysis not from the primary sources. So, this method is not applicable for this research. Consideration of Ethical: This research is completely based on the secondary data review and not on the primary collection method like interviewing or questionnaires etc. So, the approval of ethical and confidentiality is no use in the research. The collection of data is based on books, articles, journals and reports. The research material which has been used is properly referenced and checking the authenticity of the resource to avoid the plagiarism. Importance of green banking Until now, the business operation of financial and banking institution were not acknowledged towards the environmental concern. Generally, the environmentally degrading activities of banking sectors is like obstructing or getting in the way of business affair of their client. Nevertheless, it will be risk to their business if they were dealing with the environment. Although, there are indirect cost to the banks as they are not directly affected the by the environmental degradation. It is due to the firm environmental regulation which is enforced by the other countries authorities. In the case of failure, the industries have to face the consequence which leads banks to its closure. For example, in 1980 comprehensive environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). There was a huge loss for the bank in 1980s in U.S. The bank was directly responsible for the environmental pollution of their clients activities and made them to pay the remediation cost. Thats why banks in U.S are more concern about the environment while lending the fund to their clients. In European countries banks held directly responsible for any misdeed has been done by their clients. Therefore banks and other financial institution have to engage with their stakeholder on social and environmental policy. So that their clients investment can be evaluate. This would make clients to build up a proper management for social and environmental policy issue regarding investment. The green banking is important for both economy and the bank, by escaping from the risk which is involved in the financial sector. Legal Risk: there is a relevant environmental legislation risk for banks if they do not comply with it. More particularly, there is more lender liability risk for paying up the claims and the cost of damages for pollution causing to the asset or depraved. Banks can be helped by the environmental management by enhancing it image and reduce the cost and risk and taking advantage of revenue opportunity. Reputation Risk: As now there is more awareness about the safety of environment and banks may loosen up their reputation if they involve with the big project, which are indulging in the environmental destruction. Environmental management system have a few cases as in good result in cost saving and increase in the value of the bond (Heim, G et al, 2005). Sometimes it has lower risk, great environmental stewardship and increase in profit. Reputation risk is involved in both ethically and economically. By adopting the green banking strategies bank can deal with these risks. There are two components are involved in green banking strategies (1) innovative environmentally oriented financial products (2) managing risk environment (IFC, 2007). Banks have to make a proper arrangement for environmental management system. So that risk can be evaluate which involved in the investment project. The risk can be adopted by recommending the distinctive techniques and rates of interest. From high risk project banks can withdraw fund from it. Creating services and financial products is a second component of green bank which support the environmental benefit with commercial benefit. All these comes in bio-diversity conservation, investment in renewable projects energy, investment in technologies, energy efficiency, environmental investments in mutual funds and bonds (WBCSD, 1997). There should be protective polices for the liability guideline on development and environmental risk. The financial and banking institution should prepare a report of every project they invest and finance (Jeucken, 2001). For projects seeking finance they can have an environmental assessment. For each project bank can outcome with an environmental hazard management procedure and follow it. The big financial institution like Japan bank for international cooperation (JBIC) and International financial corporation (IFC) have consolidated with environmental management in their business strategies. All projects are taking consideration into terms of environmental impact in an account factors like, the substance scale and sector of the project, uncertainty and the degree of environmental impact proposed project site. Even World Banks are lending loan to the beneficiary country on the certain level of commitment that they adopt the environmental protection measures. Over time there is a change in the environmental norms to follow the agreement. And it is considerably bit costly to follow up the standard and environmental norms. If the economic benefits can be consider in the terms of productivity health care and insurance then the cost is not much higher than the benefit. In the study its confirms that 14 billion pound had been caused in the medical expenses and 200 million working days had been loss due to air pollution which resulting in losses in productivity to the European union (Stavros Dimas, 2005). Technologies which are environmental friendly practically decrease the financial burden and also building up the economic sense for the industries. Due to the more environmental awareness among the consumer in all over the world the pollutant industries were facing resistance by the consumer which often cause them massive boycott and close down of the industries and the cost is adding enormously. The concerns about environment are articulated into the international policy trade and act as a blockade for ESGs (Environmentally Sensitive Goods). So affirming modes of production and sustainable technologies are now not taking as a financial burden. Although, it providing high profits and new opportunities for the business. Green banking has neutralized the risk, save the cost and up brings the reputation of banks. So it serves both the commercial objective of the bank as well as its social responsibility. Green banking solves the problem faced by the environmental regulation and enforcements authorities related to size and location of the polluting unit. The authorities have practical limitations on enforcing environment standard on small-scale industries and also industries located in far off places. International initiative of green banking At international level there are many banks who have taken initiative to get their branch green. There is one bank name PNC Financial Group Inc which is based in Pittsburgh has certified as a green bank. PNC green bank does not stop with getting eco-friendly construction. They include there parent company business model in developing their products, marketing and giving training to their employee. PNC is one of the banks who have taken the green concept so seriously that it evolved the idea into the brand of the company. PNC has started its construction of getting green bank in 1998. They had selected 17 different sites for their location and make sure that it is easily accessible through transportation. Then they had planned to build their building accordingly to U.S Green Building Council (USGBC) and Leader in Energy and Environmental Design certification process. In 2000 the building was completed and it was the largest LEED green certified building in the world. Some of the new features have been included into the building structure like the lobby of the building is eco with a green roof. It was stated by Gary Saulson the director of the corporate real estate that you can walk into the building lobby on 90-degree humid day without any problem because there is a three- story water wall in the space which work as coolant radiant which maintain the inner temperature of the bu ilding. Because of this innovative method PNC has set a new standard of development. And it has been appreciated by the mayor of the city for setting up the standard of eco-friendly responsibility and quality development in the city. And in 2007 PNC Bank has secure 20th rank among the Best Green Company for America Award (Deb Stewart, 2008). Now PNC has more than 58 eco-friendly branches all across the state. And 41 branches has also obtained the Benchmark of Green Bank most of the branches has granted the LEED certification. As all of these branches has follow the eco-friendly process such as; Recycling: Near about 15 percent of furniture fabric and carpet is made of green material or recycle material for example Door and cabinetry are made of wheat board which process by the wheat product. Water and Energy Efficiency :- the usage of energy has been reduce by 50 percent because of the high-tech system installation in the building and maximum usage of the natural light and water usage was also reduce by 6200 gallon in year. Reduction in land waste: Wastage of construction material like steel, wood and cardboard is to be recycled. By doing this 150 ton per branch wastage has been reduce. Using of the pre-made panel for exterior has reduced the waste, while constructing the panels. To protect the ozone layer non- chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant are use for cooling the system (Deb Stewart, 2008). In 90s the United Nations environment programme has launched a program which is known as UNEP finance initiative (UNEPFI). Under this, near about 200 financial institutions of all around the world has taken the participation and signed the initiative statement to promote the environmental development (Jeucken, 2001). The main purpose is to merge the social and environmental dimension to the financial performance. According to the UNEPFI, the sustainable development is a basic thing for the business management. It supports for the elementary advance to the environmental management and offers reconciling environmental discussion into the asset management business operations and other decision of the banks (Earth Submit, 2002). In 1991 the IFCs environmental panel was established for receiving the environmental assessment project. ABN-Amro banks which is Netherlands based banks who has developed certain polices like reputation risk management (RRM) to recognise, manage the non- financia l and asses within their business strategies. Likely, the big international banks like Deutsche, HSBC, Standard Chartered and ABN-Amro banks has look and discuss at environmental problem under Kyoto protocol. Moreover, the government of Dutch has requested formally from the banks to achieve sustainable development. This agreement has been establish between banks and government in 1999. This environmental policy will improve the development of services and new financial products. The Rain Forest Action Network (RAN) and Earth (FOE) had challenged the industry with their campaign which highlighted the case in which commercial banks were bankrolling Disaster in 2000 in U.S. Bank Tract is a network which formed by the NGOs to promote the sustainable finance in the commercial sector in 2002. This coalition up comes with 6 principles which assisting in the protection of environment and justice by the bank. This is known as Collevecchio Declaration (Bibhu Prasad Nayak, 2008). These 6 principles are no- harm, commitments to sustainability, responsible sustainable market and transparency, accountability and governance. There are more than 200 institutions that signed up the declaration and asked the banks to integrate with these commitments into their business operation. The declaration states that Finance and Commerce has been at the centre of a historic detachment between the worlds natural resource base, production and consumption. As we reach the boundaries of ec ological boundaries of the ecological limit upon which all commerce relies, the financial sector should take its share of responsibility for reversing the effects this detachment has produced. To guideline the project banking institution have been constraint into common set of social and environmental policy for sustain the green finance. In Oct 2002 the group of small banks along with IFC had come with the proper general guideline and later in July 2003 they came up with a policy is known as Equator Principle. And other big commercial were also adopting this set of principles in their structure. And in July 2006 equator principle has been revised and updated. The used of the revised set of principle, the project coverage has been lowered by 10 million from 50 million dollar. Now 16 countries with 46 financial institutions were managing their business in more than 100 countries and they all have adopted the equator principle. The adoption of this principle in the business operation has become common standard for the project which integrated with social and environmental issue in business. (Bibhu Nayak, 2008; p10) The NGOs has received the activities of equator bank in a worldwide and it being proclaimed, when they came to know that it not commit to the equator principle. Sustainable Banking Award has been initiated by the Financial Times along with IFC in 2006. There are 151 financial institutions in which 104 institutions has made through to the final list of award in 2007. The ratio of bank apply was more than the previous year, it was about 100 percent more. The international initiative of banks operations are voluntary in nature and the basic thing is to up come of the common good for the enhancement of the ecosystem. In competitive market there is a short coming of a voluntary commitment. As an increase of the green money in the market, lender will stimulant to delay the social commitment and the commercial interest which will programme in the short run. If the green money is voluntary than it will be precondition demand for the green bank. According to the government policy the bank which is responsible for the breach of law of their clients will have to help in promoting green banking. Green Banking In India From last two decade, the growth rate of Indian development is very high. And this is because of the industrial sector that plays a curial role in the development of the India. However, controlling the environmental challenge has been occurred in the way of Indian industry which makes impact in their business i.e. emission of pollution by their clients. Although government of India is trying to solve this problem by adopting the environmental policies and comforting the industries to adopt this environmental technology. Fortuitously, India is a second fastest growing nation in the world in producing green house gases. Indias three main metropolitan cities like Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai are the worlds most busy and polluted cities. In India major polluted industries are paper and pulp, zinc steel and copper metallurgical industries, refine, tanneries, sugar, pesticides and insecticides, textile, fertilizers etc. The environmental management have to be taken care by the financial institution and banks, who are investing in the industries project. This can be done by improving the level of efficiency, quality of products and services. In this case banks and financial institution play an important role because these institutions are major source of finance to the industries. In India there are broadly two main categories for the environmental policies and regulation which is liability, law control and command regulation. The control and command regulation are ex an-te regulation which are assigned to prevent from the environmental polluting businesses. With the help of this policy lending institution will set up a specific standard for the industries, so that they have to follow the regulation and project will examine closely by the ministry of environment and forest authority and its up to these authority whether they give the permission or not. The liability law is like based on the analysis of past performance (ex post). In this impose will be made by the authorities on the industries by closing down or imposing fine on them etc. Although there is no such law in India which impose any fine on the bank; which are providing financial help to those client whose are responsible for creating damages to the environment. Once the legal regulation comes in th e frame work then the environmental standard will raise in India. And the industries which are responsible for polluting the environment will either have to shut down or have to invest money in the development equipment to meet the standards. And at international market industries will lose their competitiveness, which will directly affect the bank sector and economy of India. Thus it is crucial for the bank to protect them from getting into non- performing assets in coming days. Analysisation of these facts make banks to accept the concept of Green Banking. The institutions which are not capable to control the pollution now may be future polluters. And one day, the legislation will taken a strict decision against the polluters who are responsible for damaging the environment and may have to shut down their units. For e.g. in Delhi and Agra, almost 150 SSI units had to be shut down because of not following the standard. Now banks and financial institutions are taking consideration about these perspectives, if the industries were not performing the environmental standard. According to the pollution control status there are 17 different categories of institution where they are equal number of institution which are shut down or defaulted. When there is a shut down or a default of a project, bank has to face financial losses it is because of increase of the li ability and bad asset. Year Total Acceding^ Defaulting^^ Shut down 2001* 1551 1350 24 177 2002* 1551 1351 22 178 2003* 1551 13356 52 189 2004 2155 1877 53 225 2005 2455 1909 168 265 2006 2678 2044 297 335 Note: ^Competent to agree with the Standards, ^^ Not able to agree Standards. Source: * Annual Report 2005-2006 LOk Sabha ; Govt. Of India, Ministry of Forest and Environment; (sourced from www.indiastat.com) Now-a-days, awareness is spreading among the public regarding environmental pollution. And people are taking strict action against those industri