Scientific Management – Taylorism

‘Scientific Management’ is a managerial development theory that was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s. It was designed to apply scientific methods to the management of work organisations in order to improve economic efficiency and labour productivity. This theory is also well known as ‘Taylorism’ and has had a significant impact in the history of organisational management. Scientific management has had many benefits in the work organisation such as the division between workers and managers, increased efficiency in production and task specialisation. To some extent, this idea may still be relevant in some organisations but it is evident that the problems associated with this theory has led to the downfall of scientific management in today’s service economy and furthermore has allowed for the introduction of improved managerial methods. The issues and disadvantages of scientific management will be further discussed and explained why it is no longer considered relevant in our modern day service economy. With the introduction of scientific management in the work organisation there has been a controversial debate over the changes that occur within the workplace. Do the disadvantages of scientific management theory outweigh the advantages? It is true that this method allows specific tasks to be assigned to specific workers according to their specialisation thus increasing efficiency in productivity as well as a â€Å"regimented system of work organisation and managerial practice† (Aguiar, 2002, p. 239). However these changes have had a detrimental effect on the welfare of the workers due to the investigation of introducing new management procedures. Stress levels and insecurity of the workers were said to have increased as a result of redundancies, layoffs and health and safety issues according to Aguiar (2002). There was also a change in work conditions that introduced the ‘gender division of labour’ meaning that women were assigned with easier jobs whereas men were assigned with the more â€Å"heavy-duty† (Aguiar, 2002, p. 246) jobs. Due to these new management strategies, labour intensification had been increased ultimately leading to an increase in workload and even more changes in work conditions. As a result of gender division, it was evident that there was a significant difference in wages for women and men. Men typically received a higher wage than women which unquestionably became an issue as men were less likely to experience changes in their assigned jobs, whereas women were more susceptible to these changes. Furthermore, not only are women’s wages lower than men’s, this often ends in a gender clash as it leads to women feeling unmotivated and not up to standard. Not only has scientific management created a negative gender division in work organisations, it has also created a less encouraging environment for workers. Although the principles of Taylorism have had a positive outcome on efficiency of production and productivity of workers, it has negatively impacted the workers as it has decreased job satisfaction thus increasing the repetitive nature of the workload. As workers are only required to specialise in one specific task, workers quickly become dissatisfied as the fundamental job requirements such as variety of skill, significance of tasks, independence and criticism are all missing. According to Gronroos (1994), it is due to the introduction of new technology in the work organisation that prevents workers from experiencing considerable job satisfaction. This also results in a poor relationship between workers and customers, as the value of customer satisfaction is neglected and therefore competitive advantages are not achieved. In some work environments there were â€Å"additional target-related pressures† (Bain et al. , 2002, p. 182) where workers refused to work overtime or simply insisted on taking breaks between shifts. In some cases there would be workers that would feel the need to conform and not give into pressure to take breaks thus increasing stress levels and decrease in job satisfaction. Lastly, there is also the issue of Taylorism being easily distorted to exploit workers in a way that they are being controlled and treated as machines rather than human beings. This introduces the idea that this method of management can be seen as dehumanising to the worker. Taylor fails to recognise the importance of the wellbeing of workers in their work environment and rather focuses entirely on gaining maximum efficiency, productivity and profits. This raises conflicts with labour unions as they strongly believe that humans are unlike machines and cannot operate as machines do. Since workers are assigned to their specific task and that task only, they are unable to develop further skills and use their imagination and creativity to complete certain tasks and this is due to a scientific approach in management. There are limited opportunities for workers to be able to express his or her creativity as â€Å"each worker has a very well-determined task† (Caldari, 2007, p. 73). Therefore the outcome of completing the required task will only result in maximum efficiency if they complete what they have been assigned to do but will be unable to develop mentally thus illustrating the concept of dehumanisation. Although the human mind is constantly capable of storing new information such as certain routines and actions, â€Å"the human brain and flexible production systems must exhibit the ability to change, evolve and create† (Caldari, 2007, p. 74). Conclusively, it is evident that in some cases the scientific management approach is accepted by some work organisations. However, Taylor’s theory is flawed in a way that he has failed to account for the crucial factors relating to human welfare and focuses purely on maximisation in productivity, efficiency and profits. Although Taylor’s method was considered the machine model of organisation, and impacted management history in dramatic ways, his theory had also raised many controversial issues that must be considered prior to applying those theories in a predominant service economy. Scientific management may have had a positive impact in particular organisations but in today’s society, this theory is no longer relevant in a predominantly service economy.

Relationship of Neanderthals to Modern Humans

Relationship of Neanderthals to Modern Humans After extracting ancient DNA from the 40,000-year-old bones of Neanderthals, scientists have obtained a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome, yielding important new insights into the evolution of modern humans. No other ancient people have aroused more controversy and confusion over the last century and a half than have the Neanderthals (3,4). There is an on-going debate as to whether they should be considered Homo sapiens.While the idea that modern humans originated in Africa and spread out to other parts of the world is widely accepted, several scenarios have been proposed to account for the replacement of neanderthal populations. The multi regional hypothesis holds that neanderthal populations in Eurasia and Africa were held together by gene flow. Fossil and genetic evidence supports an African origin for Modern Humans (1,3,5,9,10).A decade after scientists first cracked the human genome, researchers announced that they have done t he same for Neanderthals, the species of hominid that existed from roughly 400,000 to 30,000 years ago, when their closest relatives, early modern humans, may have driven them to extinction (1,3,5,9,10). Led by ancient-DNA expert Svante Paabo of Germany's Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, scientists reconstructed about 60% of the Neanderthal genome by analyzing tiny chains of ancient DNA extracted from bone fragments of three female Neanderthals excavated in the late 1970s and early '80s from a cave in Croatia (6,8).The bones are 38,000 to 44,000 years old. The genetic information turned up some intriguing findings, indicating, for instance, that at some point after early modern humans migrated out of Africa, they mingled and mated with Neanderthals, possibly in the Middle East or North Africa as much as 80,000 years ago (5,7,10). If that is the case, it occurred significantly earlier than scientists who support the interbreeding hypothesis would have expected. Com parisons with DNA from modern humans show that some Neanderthal DNA has survived to the present (3,4,7).Moreover, by analyzing ancient DNA alongside modern samples, scientists were able to identify a handful of genetic changes that evolved in modern humans sometime after their ancestors and Neanderthals diverged, 440,000 to 270,000 years ago (2,4). Researchers compared the Neanderthal genome with the genomes of five living people: one San from southern Africa, one Yoruba from West Africa, one Papua New Guinean, one Han Chinese and one French person (2,4,6).Scientists discovered that 1% to 4% of the latter three DNA samples is shared with Neanderthals — proof that Neanderthals and early modern humans interbred. The absence of Neanderthal DNA in the genomes of the two present-day Africans indicates that interbreeding occurred after some root population of early modern humans left Africa but before the species evolved into distinct groups in Europe and Asia (1,3,5,9,10). All stu dies of Neanderthal genomic DNA use material obtained from fossilized Neanderthal bones that are tens of thousands of years old.As one might expect, the quality of the material that can be recovered from such specimens is very poor, as DNA degrades over time. Consequently, there is wide variability in DNA preservation among available Neanderthal specimens, and most Neanderthal bones yield no usable DNA (2,3,4). When present, Neanderthal genomic DNA is recovered in short (50- to 100-bp) fragments (2,3,4) The information content of Neanderthal DNA is also degraded: Individual nucleotides are subject to chemical modification, with deamination of cytosine to uracil the most common lesion (2,4).Moreover, the fragments of Neanderthal genomic DNA are mixed with microbial contaminants that constitute >90% of the recovered DNA. The amount of DNA damage and microbial contamination are dependent on ambient environmental conditions: The ancient specimens that have provided the most intact DNA a re mammoth remains recovered from permafrost. These specimens often include preserved hair shafts and soft tissues from which relatively high-quality DNA can be recovered (2,4,5).None of the Neanderthal specimens providing the DNA for whole-genome sequencing approach this level of preservation (2,4,5,6). In addition to these challenges, ancient specimens frequently become contaminated with modern human DNA during handling and DNA extraction (2). This poses obvious problems for distinguishing modern human from Neanderthal DNA, since the frequency of single-base mismatches between the two genomes is estimated to be

American Cars and Foreign Cars

American cars are now almost living. A car owned by a person shows the world what type of person they are. Most of these cars are the top ten car companies that dominate the automobile market. There are more than 250 million cars on the US road. Five of the ten car brands are American brands. For its incredible safety and reliability, unique style, support for the same or higher fuel economy and work in the United States, more people should buy American cars. American cars are stronger and more reliable than foreign cars. Another comparable difference between the US and foreign cars is performance. As we all know, American cars have bigger engines, which makes cars feel a way of driving. Unlike American cars, most foreign cars have a small but complicated engine to improve the reaction of driving cars. Regardless of whether the car is an American car or a foreign car, the engineering design of foreign cars made for performance is more complicated than most American cars. In contrast, the components of each type of car are similar, but foreign car seems to have a more sophisticated component system with better performance in handling, acceleration and braking. In terms of distinguishing performance, foreign cars have higher standards than American-made cars. From an American point of view, foreign cars are more expensive than similar cars in America. The most obvious answer is that foreign cars are being imported, so the retail price must be higher. This is true in almost all cases, but by contrast foreign cars are more valuable than American cars. The explanation of the difference in value may be that the quality of a foreign car is better than that of an American. Repair and maintenance of each type of car is directly related to value. Using general logic, expensive cars can be said to cost more as cars are repaired. In most cases, unless most foreign cars are of better quality, they are unlikely to need repair like an American car. Obviously foreign cars are more expensive and more valuable than American cars.

Module 5& Essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 5& 1 - Essay Example reated four classes which each had a set of rights and duties: they were, in order of decreasing wealth, the Pentacosiomedimni, Hippeis, Zeugitae, Thetes). These classes formed groups that eventually became the governmental bodies in a democracy. First of these bodies was the Ecclesia or Assembly, where all citizens, whatever their designation, were entitled to participate. The Ecclesia became the sovereign body, whose task it was to promulgate laws and decrees, elect officials, and hear appeals from the courts. The second group was the Boule of 400, the council of citizens tasked to run the day-to-day affairs of the city and prepare the business of the Ecclesia. Only citizens from the upper three classes could qualify to be a member of the Boule, and membership was bestowed by election. Each citizen was entitled to serve for only one year, and may serve only twice in his lifetime. Every month, 50 men are chosen by the boule of 500 from among themselves to served in the prytany (the leaders of the Boule), and every day a new leader is chosen by the 50 from among themselves. Except for holidays, the Boule met every day. Another group, the archons or magistrates was reserved for the two higher income groups, and they occupied the higher governmental post. The retired archons then comprised the Areopagus, who oversaw and called attention to any improper actions of the Ecclesia (Kurt A. Raaflaub, Josiah Ober, and Robert W. Wallace, Origins of democracy in ancient Greece, 2007). The laws eventually created by the Ecclesia eliminated slavery of Athenians by Athenians, established rules and procedures for legal redress against abusive archons, and determined political privilege based on productive wealth rather than noble birth. This early democratic system was eventually adapted by the Romans. Many of the basic principles of rule by the people were adopted; Rome had its Senate which took the place of the Assembly, and its decimviri took the place of the boule.

The Nazi books burnings , or Changes in American family during World Essay

The Nazi books burnings , or Changes in American family during World war 2 - Essay Example It also stresses on totalitarianism. Montag is the centre of the story and thus plays a critical role in the novel’s thematic setting. The book helps students built effective reading approaches. Montag is remotely a perfect hero in terms of his relationship with the other characters in the novel. Montag interacts with various individuals with his primary aim being to learn on the ways of life of these individuals. Most people he interacts with beginning with his wife seem to be committed and busy, unlike before World War II when women had no other roles other than taking care of their families. This is because of the destruction of the society by the emerging technology. The novel explores the separated spirit of Montag towards the awareness of the loss of human feeling in the society. The setting of this novel is portrayed as a dystopian social setting where civilisation is yet to be experienced. Montag is yearning for civilisation success; therefore, he strongly takes dimpsy and misguided to achieve this (Bradbury 35). Montag’s passion and faith on his profession in this society deteriorates gradually. He is often confused, disappointed and frustrated about the kind of society he was brought up in. The relationship between Montag and his wife Mildred is a bit complicated. The wife enjoys watching television more than giving his husband attention, something that Montag is furious with. This relationship seems to be like a juggle. Montag is not quite sure on how to relate with the wife as the wife is always moody. Montag is impulsive and emotionally unstable. This character resonates to that of his wife who is also on a suicidal watch (Bloom 14). Montag’s relationship with the wife also shows the caring nature of Montag when he made up with the wife during the suicidal ordeal (Fenton 2). On the other hand, Montag seems to be fairing on well and finally they start printing books together. This is through the struggle he made to make sure win over the belief of the ways of the society for Montag’s life. Faber’s control over Montag may not have been as fully complete as Beatty’s. He manipulates Montag into believing in everything he tells Montag is the best for him. This strong belief Montag had in Faber finally gave him the opportunity to be part of the nationwide network of book lovers who have acknowledged many great books of literary and philosophical works. Clarisse, though died in the beginning, was well knowledgeable and against the technology in the contemporary society which as well changed Montag. Montag is strongly touched by every world Clarisse utter to him. This 17-year-old woman finally manages to open montages third eye due to the relationship they had built on the importance of love for nature and people (Bradbury 50). Clarisse viewed a dystopian society as a society full of destruction by the technology. She, therefore, believed that the only way this society could be reformed and c ivilised was through respect for nature and people as a whole. Montag somehow felt the weight of this statement towards civilisation as one the individuals who used to burn books in the futuristic American city. Montag tells Faber, â€Å"I want you teach me books† (Bradbury 59). This somehow changed montages perspective on how he viewed the societal ways of life. Beatty was the Montag’

Employee Dismissal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Dismissal - Essay Example It the employer is still not satisfied with the employees' performance or conduct he then dismisses the employee or he could even opt for other sanctions. The employee is then allowed to make an appeal if at all he wishes against the disciplinary action that has been taken against him and the employer listens to all the appeals and further gives his final decision. (Honeyball 2006) According to the legislation the employees have a right to receive free, fair and just treatment from their employers. Thus when it comes to dismissing an employee the employer should handle the issue procedurally and in an acceptable manner. The employer needs to also have a valid reason for dismissing an employee. (Deakin and Morris, 2005) There comes a point in an organisation when it becomes really necessary to release an employee as a result of a disciplinary action or even because of an employee's redundancy. However whatever the reason that could be behind the dismissal of an employee there are general requirements as well as legislative procedures that should be followed so as to make the whole dismissal process free and fair. Similarly the decision making process in dismissing an employee should be very professional and there are some guidelines which are to be followed. (Honeyball 2006) If all the avenues have been explored and there is a v... Similarly the decision making process in dismissing an employee should be very professional and there are some guidelines which are to be followed. (Honeyball 2006) Steps employer must take in order to dismiss an employee fairly If all the avenues have been explored and there is a very serious damage that is being done on the businesses as well as the workplace threw may lack any other viable option than dismissing the employee. The reasons behind dismissing an employee should be fair and also legal and three of these reasons could be applied potentially. 1. The employee's capability. If an employees' capability is affected by either sickness or even accident and they are unable to carry out their delegated duties thus affecting the proper functioning of the organisation, then they can be dismissed by an employer. If an employee is dismissal could be termed as fair if it is based on their capability or even their qualifications to perform the expected duties in an organisation. 2. The employee's misconduct. If an employee misbehaves in the work place then this could be proper grounds for his dismissal after proper investigations have been conducted. Similarly if an employee's conduct is not in line with the organisations code of conduct then this could also be a fair ground for the employee to be dismissed. 3. Other substantial reasons. Other substantial reasons could be considered to be fair enough in the dismissal of an employee by an employer. If an employers reason for dismissing an employee is substantial and it can be validated then the dismissal could be termed as being just and also fair. 4. Retirement. If an employee is dismissed based on their retirement schedule then this is considered to be a fair dismissal since the employees retirement

Qualitative Social Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative Social Research - Essay Example used to define the control and social control mechanisms of the state in terms of gender, stating that males are in a position of power and women in one of sublimation. As one source shows, using a qualitative method of case study analysis, patriarchy can be applied to the role of the state in women’s issues to explain inequities in the system. â€Å"The social roles men and women occupy may account for gender differences... Women are thought to have poorer experiences within any given role (role strain theory), have more conflicts among their different roles (role-configuration theory), or have fewer role opportunities available to them (role accumulation hypothesis) compared to men† (Ericsson and Ciarlo, 2000). These researchers realize that there are also other various gender role theories which use the patriarchy as a target of oppression and as a way of explaining why women in state institutions have sometimes been overrepresented historically in terms of certain perceived illnesses that were often socially based. Other sources take a more cultural view, rather than a social and historical view, when it comes to the problem of gender and how it has developed to the modern day. â€Å"Television’s first and strongest impact is on the perception that women have of the public male world and the place they have in it. Television is an especially potent force for integrating women because television brings the public domain to women† (Spigel, 2001). This is one common argument using popular culture, and represents the search for a more personal vision. â€Å"Postwar media often suggested that television would increased women’s social isolation from public life by reinforcing spatial hierarchies that had already defined their everyday experiences in patriarchal cultures† (Spigel. 2001). There are many perspectives with which to define these issues. Although feminist perspectives on gender may focus on historical change within their portrayals, they are

Voting and Turnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Voting and Turnout - Essay Example But personally speaking, I don’t agree to their argument. Cost factor of $25 on the registration of voters is a one time cost. If the general opinion favors abolition of the cost that should be considered for exemption by the government and voter IDs should be provided at the government expense so that those who speak against these laws could not find an excuse due to the cost factor of $25. I do not agree with the analysis of the New York Times that the number of 120 fraud cases filed by the Justice Department is not a big enough number. On the contrary, I agree with the opinion of Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott, that voting frauds are a genuine threat, and only voter IDs can help check it (Lee, 2012). Any step taken by the government to leak-proof the voting process will help the democratic process in the long run. It is the ethical responsibility of the federal government, irrespective of which party is in power, to provide voter ID cards to the poor classes, senior citizens and minorities at its own cost Lee, S. (2012, Nov. 5). Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about voter ID laws. ProPublica.org. Retrieved from

U.S. Education Today and Tomorrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. Education Today and Tomorrow - Essay Example Market based education reforms such as charter schools are not going to aid in the improvement of education for students in the United States. Promises of de-regularized governance structures in schools have not achieved their stated objectives. Nationally, charter schools do not perform better than charter public schools. Additionally, implementation of these market-based school reforms, i.e. charter schools and school choice show a higher level of inequity in the academic achievements of the students. Market based education reforms are not going to affect the American education system in a satisfactory manner. The best policy for the improvement of public schools would be to invest directly in proven reforms that focus on the implementation of practices that can improve the school’s curriculum, rather than focusing on the business side of schools (Wraga, 2010). Another education trend that aims at effecting change in the U.S. education system is a high school reforms. Recent education reform in Idaho, known as Students Come First, adopted advanced academic standards for its students. This project involves giving the teachers tools that they require to engage today’s learners and individualize teaching. These reforms will have the effect of expanding digital learning for students so that they have access to educational opportunities wherever they reside. Via building connections with post-secondary education and career opportunities, the project aims at giving all high school students an opportunity of taking college entry exams, as well as college credits while still students in high school. It is expected that, by making the education curriculum in high schools more relevant and rigorous, the students, may actually elect to stay in school rather than dropping out, which cannot be achieved by the present strategy that

Elements of Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Elements of Evaluation - Assignment Example They are reach, adoption, efficacy, maintenance and adoption. Reach is used to measure the depth in which the intervention is exposed to a specific group of people or a community (McKenzie, Neiger & Thackeray, 2012). Adoption is an analysis of the effectiveness of the way in which intervention strategies have been implemented in a certain community setting. The creation of an intervention program should be based on its ability to be adopted to solve a specific problem (McKenzie, Neiger & Thackeray, 2012). The efficacy of an intervention refers to its ability to address the health problem described. An intervention program should also be maintained. Maintenance of an intervention reflects heavily on the evaluation results of the intervention which reflects the durability of an intervention and its ability to maintained and remain relevance in addressing the health problem stated (McKenzie, Neiger & Thackeray, 2012). After obtaining of the results an intervention can be moved forward by using validity, reliability and sensitivity to change. Validity increases the durability of intervention and helps it maintain relevance in addressing the stated health problem (McKenzie, Neiger & Thackeray, 2012). Reliability is the ability to increase the level at which a health issue is dependable on an intervention program to be solved. Additionally, an intervention can be enhanced by increasing its adaptability feature which increases its sensitivity to adapt to incorporate changes (McKenzie, Neiger & Thackeray,

Rice and Beans Essay Example for Free

Rice and Beans Essay Rice-and-beans, the staple of Belize Cuisine. Although originally considered primarily a Creole dish, today it’s eaten daily by all and is simply called Belizean rice and beans. Ingredients 1 cup red kidney beans 1 cup thick coconut milk 1 garlic clove (optional) salt pepper 2 cups rice 1 onion, sliced 1 piece of salt meat (cut into small pieces) Preparations 1. Soften beans (soak first) with garlic. 2. Boil until tender and whole, adding salt meat (previously boiled to soften) when almost tender. 3. Add the milk, onion and seasonings. 4. Wash rice, then add to the beans. 5. Cook over gentle heat until liquid is absorbed. 7. Stir gently with a fork, and add a little water from time to time until rice is cooked. Serve hot with a meat dish. (Some favorite meat dishes with rice and beans are: stuffed baked chicken, stew chicken, stew fish, fried fish or meat balls). Yoana Alvarez Period 2.

Peabody Trust Essay Example for Free

Peabody Trust Essay In 1862 George Peabody, an American from Philadelphia who moved to London in 1837, founded the most famous society providing homes for the skilled artisan classes. With ? 150,000 0f initial capital at his disposal, Peabody had several buildings constructed in the inner city Spitalfields district of London by early 1864, in later years; Peabody built dwellings in Bermondsey, Chelsea, Islington, and Shadwell. His goal was to house the working poor in healthy dwellings as long as they were of good character, conducted themselves responsibly, and paid their rent on time (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 93). The Peabody Trust is a non-profit organization that builds and manages high quality social housing for people on low incomes. Their fund had its greatest impact on the London housing market during the first fifteen years after its founder’s death in 1869; unfortunately, no major projects were undertaken between 1885 and 1900, the worst years of the housing crisis, as the Peabody Trust had at that time to pay down the huge loans taken out during the first twenty years of its existence (Tarn 10). Peabody Trust’s approach is truly innovative. Taking a long-term view of regeneration, the organization works closely with its customer (the tenants of its homes) and suppliers to alleviate homeless and provide opportunities for quality accommodation and employment. Core to the organization’s work is the design, construction and ongoing maintenance of urban development. An outstanding commitment to empowering staff, suppliers and customers has created a culture of creativity in which growth is almost inevitable. In the last decade, the number of properties owned by Peabody has nearly doubled. A similarly innovative approach to raising funds ensures that finances pose no barrier to this substantial growth. In fact, the Trust is one leading raisers of private finance in the housing association field, raising ? 80 million through Business Expansion Schemes and ? 200 million through debenture stock issue. Peabody Trust has one major advantage over most organizations; most of its employees have bought into the Trust’s ethos and work before they walk in through the door. The management, however, is far from complacent. In addition to the culture of openness that permeates, employees are genuinely empowered. Peabody’s innovative approach to fundraising means that they find it fairly straight forward; finances have not represented a barrier to development as an active developer at all. Key to the success of the scheme was the creative approach of the financial director, who shares Peabody’s commitment to innovation. The financial regime is unusually free, enabling the organization to act innovatively. On the other hand, in 1883 the Peabody Trust was severely criticized for housing only the aristocracy of the working classes, it is clear that wherever the Trustees built they provided rooms at rents lower than those generally prevailing in the immediate neighborhood. It is significant that in an area of Westminster where there were only ninety-six one-roomed tenements available, the Peabody Trust added sixty two, but just as important is the fact that in a congested part of central London they were able to offer three rooms for about the price of two in neighboring streets. No wonder that the Peabody superintendent wrote that in his twenty-eight years of managing various model dwellings, he had never experienced so great a rush for places. If the buildings had been six times as large, he declared, â€Å"I would have no difficulty in letting the rooms†. (Medical officer of Health’s Report 58). The Peabody Trust, of all the mode dwelling companies, appeared to have had the greatest and most continuous demand for its rooms. The rent structure and activities of the Peabody Trust were bitterly attacked by several of the model dwelling companies. In part this stemmed from the definition by the other companies of Peabody’s original intentions, in part from jealousy and rivalry. Many felt the Trustees should concentrate on building in the most run-down areas of London (FRSS 103). The other companies feared that the activities of the Trust would jeopardize the entire working-class housing movement by thwarting the principles of five percent philanthropy. Meanwhile, one of the representatives of the Peabody Trust admitted before the same committee that the Trust’s policy of letting at well under market rates might discourage commercial and semi-philanthropic builders, but he suggested, perhaps not too seriously, that the only solution then was for the Trust to buy up its competitors and reduce their rent levels, a solution which would certainly have made the Trust a public body. There even existed a widespread feeling that at the rate the Trust was accumulating money and property it might one day become the sole builder of working-class housing in central London. Like the other companies, the Peabody Trust was very careful in its selection of tenants. The Trust often turned down applicants whom it considered able to afford other accommodation, and it was very strict in its determination to obey Peabody’s injunctions concerning moral character. One can only hazard a guess that the Peabody Trust and the model dwelling companies which cooperated with the Board under the Cross Act attracted to their model dwelling well paid labourers and artisans from nearby streets, and thus, through the leveling-up process, made it easier for those displaced under clearance schemes to find vacant lodgings in the immediate vicinity. Hardship and dislocations inevitably occurred, but without the willingness of the Peabody Trust to assume the duties of a semi-public body and build on a scale matching the demolition work of the central London government, the first large attempts at slum clearance would either have been totally abortive or would have even more harmful effects. Of all the agencies erecting model dwellings, the Peabody Trust excited the most interest and stimulated most controversy. It did more than any other model dwelling society to draw attention to the peculiar difficulties involved in constructing dwellings in central London. They are actively involved in a number of urban regeneration initiatives, their approach is a holistic one, embracing social, economic and community development issues as well as physical improvements. In 1999 Peabody joined forces with South work Housing and appointed ECD Architect s to prepare a master plan for the redevelopment of the Coopers Road Estate. Shortly afterwards they acquired an adjoining site, fronting the Old Kent Road, known as â€Å"Success House† and invited proposals from ECD for a mixed-use high-rise building. Concurrent with these activities, Peabody have been carrying out a ‘community mapping’ exercise, liaising with a developer to redevelop the site of neighbouring redundant pub and planning improvements to Ken House, an existing Peabody estate that abuts both sites. The redevelopment of these sites will act as an important catalyst for regeneration of the wider area. Planning approval for the Coopers Road site was obtained in November 2001 and a start on site is programmed for January 2003.

Technology In The Hospitality Industry

Technology In The Hospitality Industry Introduction This document explains the technological change which has happened in hospitality industry and in particular hotel industry. The impact of information technology in hotels is quite significant. It has not only given people knowledge as what to seek when looking for a hotel but also a whole preview as what is available in the market. This whole revolution of information technology has changed both the industry and the consumer. Industry has to become more transparent and competitive in order to satisfy customer needs. One needs to keep in mind the enormous variability of the technology rather than assume its determining powers. (Poster, 1995) Information technology is an inevitable part of any organisations functionality. If an organisation seeks to progress in industry then it has to be competitive and up to date in its technological needs. In a world wide technology survey (Hensdill, 1998), hoteliers and other consultants explained how the hotel industry lagged far more behind in terms of automation than other industries. This document will explain what has changed hotel industry from technological perspective and what the demands of consumers are in post modern era. 1.1 Claridges Hotel Claridges hotel is situated in Mayfair, in the heart of Londons west end just a few minutes walk from the shops and boutiques of Bond Street, South Molton Street and Oxford Street. It has 203 rooms including 67 suites. The Reading Room restaurant and The Foyer Designed by Thierry Despont. The Fumoir The intimate, candlelit bar is a push, sophisticated place to enjoy cocktail. Claridges Bar designed by David Collins plays host to Londons movers and shakers. (www.claridges.co.uk) The most important change in recent times is Gordon Ramsay at Claridges restaurant head by Head chef Steve Allen. It offers finest dining in London, celebrating flavourful combinations of the freshest ingredients which is designed by Thierry Despont it is sumptuous and elegant, but intimate. (www.claridges.co.uk) Claridges hotel has always been considered as living in modern era but very famous in royalty and celebrities for its iconic image. But in recent years there have been many changes which has mixed modernism and post modernism in Claridges and this is why author thinks it is the best example to show how information technology has had its impact on Claridges. 1.2 Claridges Hotel Website Claridges website provides facility to both its customers and partners in order to book hotel rooms, table at restaurant or for afternoon tea. Online presence of Claridges hotel is one of the main examples of post modern era. Now any type of customers can just go online and book room for them. Two or three years ago trying to find hospitality IT vendor with an e-mail address, never mind a website, were an almost futile search (Frew, 2000). There were many hotels which were still on the old phone/agent booking system. Now agents have live database in which they can see when to book and Claridges gets these bookings automatically. Dr. Martin Peacock argues that the systems currently being implemented in the hospitality industry emphasise the controlling side of technology: they provide performance measures; they work to restrict the options of both line managers and staff. As he suggests as well that this to be the cause for the irrelevance of management. 1.3 Gordon Ramsay at Claridges Restaurant Celebrity Chef Gordon Ramsay has his own restaurant in Claridges which is headed by Chef Steve Allen. In todays technology revolutionised era, it is very important to have someone famous to boost the brand. Most of the people know Gordon Ramsay through TV, newspaper and media and having his name with Claridges is key to enhance its brand name. People not only take it as a typical hotel but also a place to spend afternoon and dine out. According to Cline (2002) Hospitality ebusiness is destined to play an increasingly significant role and will have profound impact on the way hospitality business is conducted in the future. Literature 2.1 Research Methods There are various ways to perform research in order to understand technological requirements and changes in Claridges hotel. Dr. Martin Peacock has laid down three fundamental rules in order to choose and research on choice establishment. First, he suggested that it should be of interest of the author, secondly the fulfilment of the criteria of sufficient secondary data which is deemed possible. Finally, a possibility of primary data being available so that core reasons and suggestions can be presented in shape of an argument. This primary data can either be collected by talking to choice establishment or its customers. 2.1.1 Observations In order to understand and feel technological changes in Claridges, author visited the hotel himself and had afternoon tea in the hotel. Author also visited Gordon Ramsay restaurant and saw their seating plan and menu for customers and also understood how customers are being booked at the restaurant. Author also visited halls and visited bedrooms to understand and feel the same which a customer feels. Author understood that online customer booking facility is quite famous among customers due to ever changing consumer demands and post modern era. Claridges also provides online facility to its partner companies/agents to book for rooms/restaurants. 2.1.2 Interviews One of the primary research techniques is to interview the owner or people working in the choice establishment. It is also very important to take interview from customers so that proper analyses can be done. Author tried to book interview with IT staff of Claridges hotel but the concerned person in IT department was not available. So author has relied mainly on observations and secondary data. 2.1.3 Online Sources Main online sources used are hospitality journals available online, website of Dr. Martin Peacock, Claridges website and google search. 2.2 Limitations It was not possible to conduct survey with customers as Claridges does not allow external person to conduct any questionnaire survey with its customers without prior permission from higher management. It was not also possible to take interview with staff of claridges who can give insight about Claridges IT performance except few observational meetings with receptionist just to understand the functionality of basic information systems. Impact of Technological Innovation Technology has often been used as an instrument of control and the term itself has a link with the use of tools to control inanimate objects. Possibly the best illustration of the use of technology to control people is Zuboffs (1988) example of Benthams Panopticon. Here a prison is designed with glass walls and corridors radiating out like spokes from a wheel. The concept is that these corridors can be controlled by one guard situated at the centre of the wheel. The technology (in this case glass walls, a rotating chair and innovative design) is used to control the inmates. This is not an image totally distant from modern information systems within tourism and hospitality. (Chapter in Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism (edited by D.Fesenmaier), Springer, Wien, 2000) (Cultural tourism product emphasising on information and infrastructure, by Daniela Freund De Klumbis Wil Munster in Developments in the hotel industry: Design meets Historic Properties) Sector (significance of under ANOVA 0.000). Hotels had 68.6% in the enthusiastic user category, whilst restaurants could only count 41.9% in this group. (Martin Peacock, 1994) Modern information systems privilege a vision of technology which has close links with Benthams glass prison. In the NEDC working party report on competitiveness in tourism (1992), TGI Fridays use of technology to provide control and monitoring systems, is listed under Case Studies Best Practices. The same report also praises McDonalds use of systems. Baker et al (1998) suggested that the EPOS system developed for Bass Taverns removed the uncertainties of operative fraud and the black economy for public house managers. (Chapter in Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism (edited by D.Fesenmaier), Springer, Wien, 2000) This systematic standardisation of the hospitality product provoked a counter-movement inspired by consumers searching for hotels with unique or sophisticated and innovative characteristics, called boutique, design or lifestyle hotels. In the beginning of the 80s of the last century the term boutique hotel swept through the market and was used to describe unique 50-100 rooms properties, non chain-operated, with attention to fine detail and individual decoration in European or Asian influenced furnishings (literally a boutique as opposed to a department store). Sophistication and innovation explain the growth of the design and lifestyle hotel niches. In order to employ a generic term for these new niches, we will refer hereafter to the boutique, design and lifestyle concepts with the term lifestyle hotels. Being independent enterprises, lifestyle hotels join voluntary groups (membership affiliations, consortia) in order to benefit from the advantages of chains especially global marketing and promotion services, common packages and international reservation systems without having the disadvantages of chain box hotels like absence of management autonomy, architectural uniformity and standardized operational procedures (Yu, 1996; Andrew, 2001). Examples of these voluntary groups are marketing and sales reservation networks (e.g. SRS World Hotels) and free alliances. The confrontation of box and lifestyle hotels by means of Kotler ´s product levels shows clear differences between both concepts. On the core and facilitating product levels, box hotel companies present savings in building and staff costs due to the standards of performance as a major advantage to the hotel operator. In the marketing policy, the uniformity of the concept and the strong recognition of the brand are used to influence the consumers choice. Commoditization generates, within traditional segments, a feeling of security and familiarity. For the widely-travelled tourist, however, the stay in a box hotel turns into alienation and anonymity. Many of them share the experience of awaking in a hotel room while asking oneself: Where am I now? This negative guest experience, caused by impersonality, predictability and boredom, has led to an important loss of clients and turnover with box hotel companies. Table below shows us, by means of a confrontation matrix, the hotel guests main differences in choice criteria (Naber, 2002). BOX HOTELS LIFE STYLE HOTELS Demands quality guarantee Expects quality given the high quality level of lifestyle hotels Minimum standards Exceeding standards No annoying surprises Surprise-adventure-history Experiences are sought outside the hotel The hotel stay is an experience in itself Recognition of the product Recognition as a guest To feel at home by means of the hardware To feel at home by means of the software Reliable unique selling propositions Really unique selling propositions Familiar with the brand image Search for a specific identity (By Daniela Freund De Klumbis Wil Munster in Developments in the hotel industry: Design meets Historic Properties) What is key component to drive todays hospitality industry? Information technology is the key component which is driving hospitality industry. It has already revolutionised hospitality industry in post modern era and now it is driving it as major decisions are being taken and are based on Information systems provided by IT. Claims of overall increases in productivity caused by increasing use of information technology are difficult to justify empirically both at the local and the global level. US improvements in productivity can be linked directly to computer manufacturing (Anonymous, 1999) with productivity growth in other sectors stalled or falling. Landauer (1995) reported Roachs findings that information workers in the US (1960-87) had seen no increase in productivity. Martin Peacock and Humphery Shaw, (1996); Bytes and Bias suggests in this paper that the specific issue of the attitudes to new technology in the hospitality industry. Yet, outside the specific question of the industry, society too illustrates very ambivalent attitudes to new technology. One of the best illustrations of this is the Unabomber debate. The Unabomber is an American mail bomber who has attacked pro-technology targets (principally academics) over the last 18 years. Last year his manifesto was published in the Washington Post and other American publications (Anonymous, 1995). Technological change defines the horizon of our material world as it shapes the limiting conditions of what is possible and what is barely imaginable. It erodes taken-for-granted assumptions about the nature of our reality, the pattern in which we dwell, and lays open new choices. (Zuboff, 1988) New technologies do not spell the end of traditional technologies. The synthesiser has not replaced the piano. Each has their traditional and contemporary roles to fulfil. However, the advent of the synthesiser has effected the way in which we see and use the piano. It is something different to what it was. (Biggs, 1991) Tiles Oberdiek suggests in 1995 that modern technologies in short, behave like ecosystems. When we intervene here, unexpected consequences pop up there. As Tiles Oberdiek suggests in 1995 that on the other hand there are people who have become deeply pessimistic as a result of observing the path of so called technical progress. As they see it, we are strangely impotent in the face of, indeed are enslaved by, a pervasive technology that, ironically, we ourselves have made. Belonging to the primary tourism enterprises, the hospitality industry is an essential component of the cultural tourism product. Hospitality products need to fulfil customers needs on several levels (Kotler, 2003): (a) The core product answers the basic question: what is the buyer really buying? It refers basically to the benefits provided by the hotel to the consumer and not the features, e.g. room comfort and convenient location. (b) Facilitating products are those services or goods that must be present for the guests to use the core product, e.g. bellboy in a luxury hotel. (c) Supporting products are extra products offered to add value to the core product and help to position it through differentiation from the competitors, e.g. full-service health spa. (d) The augmented product includes atmosphere and customers interaction with the service organization and each other, e.g. lobby socializing. The augmented product is an important concept because it is in this level were the main differences arise between the various hospitality concepts, e.g. atmosphere created by focus on lightning, marriage of textures and colours to please the senses. How Technology works in Claridges? The expansion of the international hotel chains, in their vast majority, was accompanied and made possible by a process of standardisation and commoditization. Technological innovation has had huge impact on this expansion. Research data, which hotel chains keep and also have track record of ever changing customer needs is really important in order to expand the hotel chain as well as keeping an iconic image in the market. Claridges hotel has uniqueness which is to keep itself as one and only one hotel. It is part of group of hotels which is called Maybourne Hotel Group who has three big hotels (Claridges, Connaught, The Berkeley) in their portfolio and few other hotels internationally. Customers like to book online using Claridges website. Travel professionals in tourism industry also have online access available through website where they can make bookings on behalf of their customers. Booking online provides facility to customers to request anything extra they want to the hotel and that will fulfilled. Due to recent trend in technology and use of internet has changed the old perspective of booking via phone. A customer can book anywhere while sitting in airport or in a cab and as soon as they arrive at the hotel, everything is ready for them. It is very important to show in this document what are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which are being faced by Claridges. This analysis shows this data using SWOT technique which can be applied to other life style hotels as well and will give sufficient information in order to take the required decisions. SWOT Analysis of the Claridges hotel Strengths Weaknesses Well-defined concepts with an unique identity and a modern character, taking into account the four levels of the hospitality product. Need to re-adapt constantly to the fast changing market demands. Diversity in guest experience. In some cases, hotel becomes the cultural attraction in itself Larger hotels groups cause lifestyle-fatigue through over-branding Low costs of soft branded distribution by the sharing of costs of distribution, technology and purchasing Low profitability as compared to box hotels Autonomous control over operations by the hotel itself, allowing the personal expression of passion for hospitality High maintenance and staffing costs Opportunities Threats Emergence of new soft brand distribution models: organization of independent hotels (e.g. Design Hotels Resorts) Global chains dominate supply through acquisition and development. They practise brand management across multiple brands (economies of scale) Design is becoming an element adopted by the various hospitality products (e.g. Accors backpackers concept Base) Emergence of low service stylised concepts or imitators Create programs that allow customers to spend all their money Aggressive down-pricing by box hotel chains to retain market share Needs and wants of the post-modern consumer: quality tourism, traditional hospitality, personal approach, sustainable hotels, the brand as a self image, diversity of experiences Familiar with travelling, nowadays consumers expect value and quality for their money. Effective use of Customer-Relationship-Management databases and customer-choice-modelling experiments can allow hospitality establishments to personalize products and services thus increasing satisfaction, retention and loyalty. Good informed and critical consumers Use of co-branding synergies with other lifestyle brands as the allocation to an existing Claridges brand name enables a quick transfer of the hospitality product values and contents to the client (e.g. Gordon Ramsay at Claridges Restaurant) Because of the unpredictable buying behaviour of the post-modern consumer, brand loyalty is difficult to achieve. Many consumers can no longer be easily segmented on the basis of education, income, social class and geographic origin. Utilisation of opinion leaders in the segment addressed and of the power of famous influencers (e.g. Famous hotel for George Clooney when he is in London) The consumer is wary to media, makes his choices and can hardly be influenced. ICT solutions for one-to-one marketing High cost level of ICT-investments Development of websites that convey the types of pleasurable experiences promised by the hotel and ensure pleasant browsing experiences High complexity of the global distribution model Conclusions By using the research methods and proper use of literature, it is quite apparent that technological innovation is inevitable and in hospitality, any establishment who does not believe in this will be out of the industry in no time. It is and will always be the case of being more innovative and creative in information technology and more strategic decisions are being taken by using proper IT research methods. It is imperative to keep up to date information systems in place if to succeed in the market is the goal. In future, it will not only the case of looking good and be more hospitalise but also to use core hospitality techniques along with good knowledge of customer needs. This knowledge can only be gained if proper information system is in place. Author believes that customer should have the power to customise the facility according to his/her needs. Hotel should accommodate customer and help him/her to customise as per requirement. This can only be done if hotel has sufficient information available which covers all expected and legitimate needs of any customer. Cline (2002) as well as Peacock (1995) point out the industrys slow and measured approach to IT and to innovation generally. But as the sophistication of technology increases (e.g. Fisk, 1999) it was suggested that a more organic or humanistic approach to IT is needed to make the technology more useable to the organisation, employees and customers. Effective innovation appears more at the operative level, at the point of sale. Creative problem solving, product remodelling, and effective marketing have been encouraged by technological change in other industries. New modes of service delivery have grown directly from the potential of new software (Barras, 1990). It is the imaginative coupling of new technology with new services and new modes of organisation which represents its real potential. (Martin Peacock Humphery Shaw, (1996); Bytes and Bias) Competition is fierce on the international hotel market and imitation of successful concepts is a proven method to attract new target groups. So it is no wonder that many of the ingredients which contribute to the lifestyle hotel experience, have been adopted by box hotels. Glocalisation, the combination of globalisation and localisation, has been introduced as a leading principle in marketing policies of chain hotels. In promotional campaigns of box hotels, the role of local culture as component of the hospitality product is highlighted by means of slogans like Think locally, act globally (Hilton Hotels) and International standards, local flavours (Claridges). While ten years ago design and style were unique selling propositions, nowadays they are minimum requirements to attract the sybaritic post-modern guest. Large hotel groups are even causing lifestyle-fatigue through over-branding and, at the same time, the number of low service stylish concepts is increasing with design becomi ng an element adopted by various hospitality products, e.g. Base, the backpacker concept of the Accor group. In this competitive struggle, the cornerstone of success for the lifestyle hotel product will be to pursue to satisfy the fast changing needs and wants of the post-modern consumer by offering an inimitable individuality and a full-balanced hospitality experience. The effective use of customer-relationship-management databases and one-to-one marketing actions has to be strengthened in order to be able to personalize products and services, thus increasing satisfaction, retention and loyalty. The quality of the staff will continue to be a key success issue because the lifestyle traveller seeks more than advice or recommendations. Hotel employees should not only be trained to manage the information exchange, but also be required to match guests to experiences. To perform such a consultancy task, they are expected to be informed about the hospitality product itself as well as its cultural environment (Freund, 2002). Furthermore, hospitality employees will be required to possess commercial skills based primarily on making the most out of each customer transaction by creating experiential programs that push the guest to spend the greater part of their money at the hotel. It should be noticed in this respect that consumers see food, accommodation and culture merely as elements of a greater whole relating to a total experience. Because of this, a relevant opportunity for lifestyle hotels, from a marketing perspective, consists in co-branding the property with a leading brand outside the tourism industry, e.g. fashion designers, retail companies, lifestyle brands. As the allocation to an existing brand name enables a quick transfer of the product values and contents to the client, co-branded hotels (e.g. Cerrutti, Armani and Bulgari Hotels) have a competitive edge in penetrating the market. However, co-branding in the hospitality industry requires a profound evaluation of both brand partners strengths and weaknesses, a strategy for the long term co-operation and, above all, a prudent implementation. References Freund de Klumbis, D. (2002), Seeking the ultimate hotel experience, paper originally presented at the XIIe International Leisure and Tourism Symposium ESADE-Fira de Barcelona, Barcelona, April 2002, and published in Gestià ³n en H, No. 11, May-June 2003, pp. 58-76. Naber, T. (2002), Chain or independent: box hotel or boutique hotel? lecture given at the Eurhodip Conference 2002 Hospitality Management in Europe: Moving into a New Dimension, Maastricht, May 2002. Andrew, G. (2001), Evolution of tourist offers: the importance of an individual hotel experience in an independent hotel chain, lecture given at the Eurhodip Conference 2001 The Hotel and Catering Trades for Employment and Economic Development in Europe, Venice, November 2001. Peacock, M., Information Technology in the Hospitality Industry, Cassell, London, 1995 Smith, T., Does Technology Drive History, The MIT Press, London, 1994 OConnor, Peter Using computers in Hospitality, Cassel, 1996. `Bytes and Bias: Technophilia in technology writing, (refereed conference paper for `Hospitality Information Technology Association Worldwide Conference, 1996). Ms. Rita Fernandas (2010); observations during meetings held with Ms. Fernandas, a receptionist at Claridges hotel. Online Sources: www.claridges.co.uk http://www.maybourne.com/page.aspx?id=4458 http://www.maybourne.com/uploadedFiles/Claridges/About_the_hotel/Claridges_London_English.pdf http://www.maybourne.com/uploadedFiles/Maybourne/Supplementary_Navigation/Travel_professionals/Downloads/Group_Guarantee_UK.pdf http://www.avlk87.dsl.pipex.com/martin/hospital.htm , (Hospitality managers who love computers too little?) by Dr. Martin Peacock

ICT in the Community :: ICT Essays

ICT in the Community I live in the community of Maidenhead in the south-east of England. ICT is used everyday and without it the community would start to break down and the way of life would run much slower. Cyber cafes The cyber cafà © in Maidenhead is perfect for tourists that take digital photos and want to send them to family and friends, also if a tourist wants to contact family and friends it is probably cheaper to email them from a cyber cafà © that having to use the phone to call another country although using the phone is quicker than email. Also people from within the community can use cyber cafà ©s to do just about anything they would need to on a computer. They can read emails, send emails, browse the web and create documents. Some cyber cafà ©s also offer scanners, printers and photocopiers although the cyber cafà © in Maidenhead only offers a black and white printer. The down side with using a cyber cafà © is the price; to use the facilities in Maidenhead it costs  £5.00 per hour. Websites and Forums The Maidenhead Rugby Club has there own website which keeps fans up to date with the team and how things are going, this also gives contact details to get hold of people such as the manager and coach, so now they don't have to put adverts or news in the maidenhead advertiser which not only costs but it only gets publish weekly so information could be old or irrelevant. The website also offers a forum for fans to talk to each other about the team. The good thing about this website is that it is kept up to date by people that work along side the team so the information posted onto the site is true. The down side with the forum is that forums can go down and sometimes there can be problems with logins. The website could have the choice to have a live chat but with this messages are not save where as with a forum

Analysis of Stolls Essay, On Classrooms, With and Without Computers :: Education Teaching

Analysis of Stoll's Essay, On Classrooms, With and Without Computers Clifford Stoll's essay "On Classrooms, with and without Computers" discusses the role computers play in the modern classroom. Although the theme is not directly stated at the beginning of the piece, it soon becomes apparent that Stoll believes that computers do not have the ability to give a person, especially a child, a complete education because "only human beings can teach the connections between things." He uses a style of asking questions and then answering them himself, which works well because it causes the reader to think about the topic before Stoll presents his own argument. It also keeps the essay organized, although it makes the text seem choppy at times. His tone is educated, though sometimes sarcastic. The audience that he writes for would likely be parents, teachers, and other people concerned about quality education; and they are also likely to be fairly educated people themselves. The essay is based on the warrant that computers have inherent limitations that should not be ignored. In order to support his claim of fact, Stoll uses three ideas. The first support claim questions the value of the information the children are receiving from computers. An example Stoll uses is a Computer-Using Educators conference when a speaker pointed out the amount of research a computer can generate. One teacher remarked that the printed pages were worthless in a classroom without a great deal of sorting and working. Audience members unfamiliar with computers would sympathize with this situation, although a technologically advanced group might be experienced enough to cut down on extra work. Either way, it implies that more precise methods might work better. Stoll's second support claim discusses how people view computers. In American school systems computer classes are replacing other classes like home economics and drivers education. Logical thinkers would be persuaded that emphasis on computers is shortsighted. When David Thornburg, director of the Computer-Using Educators conference, says that soon students will not need to use library because of the information they can get at home on the Internet, Stoll expresses disbelief at the notion. Educated people accustomed to learning in several different ways would agree with the idea that there is more to learning than this one resource. Stoll also uses the learning styles of children to support his claim. There is a physical side of education that cannot be simulated on screen, and a persuasive point that he makes is that by encouraging inquisitiveness in all of the areas of education children will have a broader basis on which to learn. Analysis of Stoll's Essay, On Classrooms, With and Without Computers :: Education Teaching Analysis of Stoll's Essay, On Classrooms, With and Without Computers Clifford Stoll's essay "On Classrooms, with and without Computers" discusses the role computers play in the modern classroom. Although the theme is not directly stated at the beginning of the piece, it soon becomes apparent that Stoll believes that computers do not have the ability to give a person, especially a child, a complete education because "only human beings can teach the connections between things." He uses a style of asking questions and then answering them himself, which works well because it causes the reader to think about the topic before Stoll presents his own argument. It also keeps the essay organized, although it makes the text seem choppy at times. His tone is educated, though sometimes sarcastic. The audience that he writes for would likely be parents, teachers, and other people concerned about quality education; and they are also likely to be fairly educated people themselves. The essay is based on the warrant that computers have inherent limitations that should not be ignored. In order to support his claim of fact, Stoll uses three ideas. The first support claim questions the value of the information the children are receiving from computers. An example Stoll uses is a Computer-Using Educators conference when a speaker pointed out the amount of research a computer can generate. One teacher remarked that the printed pages were worthless in a classroom without a great deal of sorting and working. Audience members unfamiliar with computers would sympathize with this situation, although a technologically advanced group might be experienced enough to cut down on extra work. Either way, it implies that more precise methods might work better. Stoll's second support claim discusses how people view computers. In American school systems computer classes are replacing other classes like home economics and drivers education. Logical thinkers would be persuaded that emphasis on computers is shortsighted. When David Thornburg, director of the Computer-Using Educators conference, says that soon students will not need to use library because of the information they can get at home on the Internet, Stoll expresses disbelief at the notion. Educated people accustomed to learning in several different ways would agree with the idea that there is more to learning than this one resource. Stoll also uses the learning styles of children to support his claim. There is a physical side of education that cannot be simulated on screen, and a persuasive point that he makes is that by encouraging inquisitiveness in all of the areas of education children will have a broader basis on which to learn.

Personal Narrative - Slumber Party :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative -Slumber Party Thump-thump, breathe thump-thump, breath. My heart beat as if it was pounding out through my brain; I tried to catch my breath. I heard footsteps coming up behind me like an elephant chasing at my heels. A scream pierced my ears and echoed many times in my mind. My thoughts raced from one thing to another. After locking the door, the four of us clinched in a corner for nearly an hour. My day had begun normal. I remember I woke up, went to school and found myself with my friends that afternoon. My company was five of my closest pals; Becky, Alex, Meredith, Lee, and my boyfriend Cody. We all had hung out many times before and knew each other well. For most of the evening, we sat around telling horror stories and gossiping about classmates. Time passed quickly and soon, it was time to head home. The girls were all planning a slumber party at Becky's. Her parents had gone out of town for the weekend, and she was not willing to stay alone. We began our evening of leisure by getting into our P.J s, and returning to our scary stories. Before realizing it, another hour had passed. All the stories must have gotten to us because before we went upstairs we made sure every light was on in the house. The hair on the back of my neck began to rise as we listened to the cold aching silence. In the distance we listened to three loud car horns and a door slam. We, then, jumped away from the window and started down the stairs. Half way down the stairs, we stopped dead in our tracks. The roof began to rattle as if someone was climbing across it. Our pulses raced as we flew down the remainder of the stairs. Thump-thump, breath. We huddled together in the kitchen. For our safety, we gathered a sharp knife and a phone. We came up with explanations to relieve our minds deciding that the horn was a neighbor and the thump on the roof was the cat. Calming our thoughts down, we relaxed into a group, sitting on the counter. We laughed at the fools we had been, and grew quiet as we heard several car doors slamming, again. Silently staring at one another our eyes grew wide as we hesitated to jump. Alex tried to explain "It's just the neighbors.

Sir Walter Raleigh?

As You Came from the Holy Land 1 As you came from the holy land 2 Of Walsingham, 3 Met you not with my true love 4 By the way as you came? 5 â€Å"How shall I know your true love, 6 That have met many one, 7 I went to the holy land, 8 That have come, that have gone? † 9 She is neither white, nor brown, 10 But as the heavens fair; 11 There is none hath a form so divine 12 In the earth, or the air. 13 â€Å"Such a one did I meet, good sir, 14 Such an angelic face, 15 Who like a queen, like a nymph, did appear 6 By her gait, by her grace. † 17 She hath left me here all alone, 18 All alone, as unknown, 19 Who sometimes did me lead with herself, 20 And me loved as her own. 21 â€Å"What's the cause that she leaves you alone, 22 And a new way doth take, 23 Who loved you once as her own, 24 And her joy did you make? † 25 I have lov'd her all my youth; 26 But now old, as you see, 27 Love likes not the falling fruit 28 From the withered tree. 29 Know that Love is a carele ss child, 0 And forgets promise past; 31 He is blind, he is deaf when he list, 32 And in faith never fast. 33 His desire is a dureless content, 34 And a trustless joy: 35 He is won with a world of despair, 36 And is lost with a toy. 37 Of womenkind such indeed is the love, 38 Or the word love abus'd, 39 Under which many childish desires 40 And conceits are excus'd. 41 But true love is a durable fire, 42 In the mind ever burning, 43 Never sick, never old, never dead, 44 From itself never turning.

Slumdog Millionaire

Athos, Porthous and Latika Slumdog Millionaire directed by Danny Boyle is just roughly a young son emergence up in the slums of Mumbai, India. The psyche of anticipate is developed by come on the scene by using optic and communicatory features as Jamal Malik faces a life in the slums and on the job(p) child labour, until he finds make love with Latika still the power of corrupt India splits them aside and direct still quite a little go away position down them back to bunkher. Jamal to get Latika back goes on the Television exhibition Who Wants to be a Millionaire hoping she will be watching.Colour was utilise real well in the costumes of Latika and she was ofttimes seen habiliment a actually vivid xanthous. This is happened at very signifi faecal mattert steadyts and was very symbolic. At the blend in of the movie amongst the binge Latika (Rubina Ali) is approximately 6 years aged and is seen in yellow-bellied this symbolises her innocence as she doesn t k instantaneously what is happening around her and has no desire of surviving until Jamal and his previous(a) blood associate save her and run away. yellow symbolises bank and innocence and makes her stick out amongst the conclave drawing attention to her, she is seen in yellow when she has want to be set submit and be with Jamal.When Latika was forced to domesticate with Javed she wore dense cream colours that were scruffy expectant the thought she was trapped and as if she had no fancy to be with Jamal. When Jamals brother Salim helps her escape and gives her a auto to go look for Jamal so they can be together she puts on her yellow scarf joint symbolising hope. Setting end-to-end the record developed an important imagination rough the purpose of the celluloid to test the sense of hearing the real Mumbai.The geographical vista of the call for largely took place in the slums of Mumbai, India. This showed the reference the real Mumbai, India. The real Mum bai India was shown by Jamal, Salim and their acquire sifting through rubbish, airstream their costume in dirty irrigate and exchange anything worth money including change spy in line at the toilets. every of this showed the audience the impoverishment in India in reality with 45% of the Indian people living in poverty and the prominent change Jamal had to go through to get Latika back.However it was this poverty in his childishness that gave him the answers to the TV show who wants to be a millionaire and his destiny to get Latika back. Once Jamal is handsome up he is on brighten of a mettlesome raised build where the slums workd to be this is a channel to how more Jamal has changed since he was young and in the slums to now how he is a millionaire, the buildings ache changed from slums to high raised buildings. Diegetic unison was utilize a lot throughout the film ontogeny the roots of hope and freedom.A good grammatical case of this was when the deuce boy s were running away from Maman (child buckle down labourer) and they were traveling by train the lyrics of the nervous strain were in contrast they cant even walkover me helped give a golden clime as the boys were laughing that they had gotten away. another(prenominal) use of sound was that of the biz show Who Wants to be a Millionaire and its theme music that induced tension this helped give the idea of hope in every episode and Latika at a time say Its the perfect luck to start again talking about the game show it was Jamals only hap to get Latika.Throughout the film the idea of hope and freedom was shown by visual and literal features from the costume worn to create the idea of hope between Latika and Jamal. The scene portray the real India to the audience and showed what it was a want for Jamal and gave him the answers to Who wants to be a Millionaire which gave him the hope to be with Latika when he won. Diegetic sound created tension and showed the hope like on the game show.Slumdog MillionaireAthos, Porthous and Latika Slumdog Millionaire directed by Danny Boyle is about a young boy growing up in the slums of Mumbai, India. The idea of hope is developed throughout the film by using visual and verbal features as Jamal Malik faces a life in the slums and working child labour, until he finds love with Latika but the power of corrupt India splits them apart and now only destiny will bring them back together. Jamal to get Latika back goes on the Television show Who Wants to be a Millionaire hoping she will be watching.Colour was utilize very well in the costumes of Latika and she was often seen wearing a very bright yellow. This is happened at very significant events and was very symbolic. At the start of the movie amongst the riot Latika (Rubina Ali) is about 6 years old and is seen in yellow this symbolises her innocence as she doesnt know what is happening around her and has no hope of surviving until Jamal and his older brother save her and run away. Yellow symbolises hope and innocence and makes her stick out amongst the crowd drawing attention to her, she is seen in yellow when she has hope to be set free and be with Jamal.When Latika was forced to work with Javed she wore dull cream colours that were scruffy giving the idea she was trapped and as if she had no hope to be with Jamal. When Jamals brother Salim helps her escape and gives her a car to go look for Jamal so they can be together she puts on her yellow scarf symbolising hope. Setting throughout the film developed an important idea about the purpose of the film to show the audience the real Mumbai.The geographical setting of the film largely took place in the slums of Mumbai, India. This showed the audience the real Mumbai, India. The real Mumbai India was shown by Jamal, Salim and their mother sifting through rubbish, washing their clothes in dirty water and selling anything worth money including selling spots in line at the toilets. All of this showed the audience the poverty in India in reality with 45% of the Indian population living in poverty and the dramatic change Jamal had to go through to get Latika back.However it was this poverty in his childhood that gave him the answers to the TV show who wants to be a millionaire and his destiny to get Latika back. Once Jamal is grown up he is on top of a high raised building where the slums used to be this is a contrast to how much Jamal has changed since he was young and in the slums to now how he is a millionaire, the buildings have changed from slums to high raised buildings. Diegetic music was used a lot throughout the film developing the ideas of hope and freedom.A good example of this was when the two boys were running away from Maman (child slave labourer) and they were traveling by train the lyrics of the song were in contrast they cant even catch me helped give a happy mood as the boys were laughing that they had gotten away. Another use of sound was that of the game show W ho Wants to be a Millionaire and its theme music that created tension this helped give the idea of hope in every episode and Latika once said Its the perfect opportunity to start again talking about the game show it was Jamals only chance to get Latika.Throughout the film the idea of hope and freedom was shown by visual and verbal features from the costume worn to create the idea of hope between Latika and Jamal. The setting portrayed the real India to the audience and showed what it was like for Jamal and gave him the answers to Who wants to be a Millionaire which gave him the hope to be with Latika when he won. Diegetic sound created tension and showed the hope like on the game show.

Part Five Chapter VII

XII center(prenominal) down his packet of Rolos, Robbie became extremely thirsty. Krystal had not bought him a drink. He climbed off the terrace and crouched down in the warm grass, where he could still see her strategy in the bushes with the stranger. After a while, he locomote down the bank towards them.M thirsty, he whined.Robbie, suffer out of it screamed Krystal. Go an sit on the benchWanna drinkFuckin go an wai by the bench, an Ill gerra drink in a minute Go way, RobbieCrying, he climbed prat up the slippery bank to the bench. He was disposed to not being given what he wanted, and froward by habit, because grown-ups were arbitrary in their wrath and their rules, so he had learned to seize his tiny pleasures wherever and whe neer he could.Angry at Krystal, he wandered a little way from the bench a coherent the road. A man in sunglasses was move a keen-sighted the pavement towards him.(Gavin had forgotten where he had parked the car. He had marched out of bloody shames and walked straight down church building Row, single realizing that he was heading in the wrong focalisation when he pull level with Miles and Samanthas house. Not deficient to pass the Fairbrothers again, he had runn a circuitous route behind to the bridge.He saw the boy, chocolate-stained, ill-kempt and unappealing, and walked past, with his felicity in tatters, half wishing that he could drop g champion to Kays house and been silently cradled she had always been nicest to him when he was miserable, it was what had attracted him to her in the start-off military post.)The rushing of the river increased Robbies thirst. He cried a bit more as he changed direction and headed away from the bridge, back past the place where Krystal was hidden. The bushes had started shaking. He walked on, wanting a drink, then notice a hole in a long hedge on the left(a)field of the road. When he drew level, he spotted a scarpering plain stitch beyond.Robbie wriggled d mavin the hole an d contemplated the wide green length with its spreading chestnut tree and goal posts. Robbie knew what they were, because his first cousin Dane had showed him how to kick a football at the play park. He had never seen so much greenness.A woman came striding across the field, with her arms folded and her head bowed.(Samantha had been walking at random, walking and walking, anywhere as long as it was nowhere near Church Row. She had been inquire herself many questions and coming up with few results and one of the questions she asked herself was whether she might not have gone withal far in telling Miles about that stupid, sottish letter, which she had sent out of spite, and which seemed much less cagey now She glanced up and her eyes met Robbies. Children often wriggled through the hole in the hedge to play in the field at weekends. Her own girls had done it when they were younger.She climbed oer the gate and turned away from the river towards the solid. Self-disgust clung to h er, no matter how hard she tried to outrun it.)Robbie went back through the hole in the hedge and walked a little way along the road by and by the striding lady, hardly she was soon out of sight. The half-packet of remaining Rolos were dissolve in his hand, and he did not want to post them down, unless he was so thirsty. Maybe Krystal had finished. He wandered back in the opposite direction.When he reached the first mend of bushes on the bank, he saw that they were not moving, so he thought it was all objurgate to approach.Krystal, he state.But the bushes were empty. Krystal was gone.Robbie started to wail and shout for Krystal. He clambered back up the bank and looked wildly up and down the road, but there was no quality of her.Krystal he yelled.A woman with short bills hair glanced at him, frowning, as she trotted briskly along the opposite pavement.Shirley had left Lexie at the Copper Kettle, where she seemed happy, but a short way across the Square she had caught a glim pse of Samantha, who was the very ending individual she wanted to meet, so she had taken off in the opposite direction.The boys wails and squawks echoed behind her as she hurried along. Shirleys fist was clutched tightly around the EpiPen in her pocket. She would not be a dirty joke. She wanted to be clear and pitied, like Mary Fairbrother. Her rage was so enormous, so dangerous, that she could not think coherently she wanted to act, to punish, to finish. exactly before the old stone bridge, a patch of bushes shivered to Shirleys left. She glanced down and caught a disgusting glimpse of something dirty and vile, and it drove her on.Part Five Chapter septenaryVIIFuckin shurrup, Robbie ShurrupKrystal had dragged Robbie to a bus stop several streets away, so that neither Obbo nor Terri could find them. She was not sure she had replete money for the fare, but she was determined to depart to Pagford. Nana Cath was gone, Mr Fairbrother was gone, but Fats Wall was there, and she nee ded to make a baby. wherefore wuz e in the room with yeh? Krystal shouted at Robbie, who grizzled and did not answer.There was only a tiny amount of battery power left on Terris mobile phone. Krystal called Fats number, but it went to voicemail.In Church Row, Fats was busy eating toast and listening to his parents having one of their familiar, bizarre conversations in the study across the hall. It was a welcome distraction from his own thoughts. The mobile in his pocket vibrated but he did not answer it. There was nobody he wanted to emit to. It would not be Andrew. Not after last night.Colin, you know what youre vatical to do, his mother was saying. She sounded exhausted. Please, Colin We had dinner with them on Saturday night. The night before he died. I cooked. What if Colin, you didnt assemble anything in the food for Gods sake, now Im doing it Im not supposed to do this, Colin, you know Im not supposed to get into it. This is your OCD talking.But I mightve, Tess, I sudd enly thought, what if I put something Then why are we alive, you, me and Mary? They did a post-mortem, ColinNobody told us the details. Mary never told us. I think thats why she doesnt want to talk to me any more. She suspects.Colin, for Christs sake Tessas voice became an urgent whisper, in any case quiet to hear. Fats mobile vibrated again. He pulled it out of his pocket. Krystals number. He answered.Hiya, said Krystal, over what sounded like a chaff shouting. Dyou wanna meet up?Dunno, yawned Fats. He had been intending to go to bed.Im comin into Pagford on the bus. We could hook up.Last night he had touch Gaia Bawden into the railings outside the town hall, until she had pulled away from him and throw up. Then she had started to berate him again, so he had left her there and walked home.I dunno, he said. He matt-up so tired, so miserable.Go on, she said.From the study, he perceive Colin. You say that, but would it show up? What if I Colin, we shouldnt be going into this youre not supposed to take these ideas seriously.How can you say that to me? How can I not take it seriously? If Im responsible Yeah, all right, said Fats to Krystal. Ill meet you in twenty, front of the pub in the Square.

Influence of Stakeholders on Reigate College

In this propound I am plainlyton to check up on into Reigate College and prize into the origin how contrasting stakeh antiquateders in the take upup down an squeeze on the college e really(prenominal)(prenominal) unitedly. Evaluating which of the stakeholders has the about ply and those who take aim the to the lowest degree authority and jar on the college, excessively what subroutines they consort towards the college and as individuals what impress they drive home on the contrary stakeholders deep down the college itself. Reigate College is a College found in Reigate with its aims and objectives is to picture a graduate(prenominal) pure t 1 fosterage for 16-19 year old pupils in a accessory and feel for community.Stakeholders Reigate College is make up of a weave of stakeholders those including the owners, Customers, Employees, disposal and Suppliers. each of these stakeholders acquire a routine to make for towards the partnership so tha t the College slangs a satisfactory commendable individualality which exit c atomic number 18 them realise more than students urgencying them to go to the College as if the stakeholders make out to coquette their crop safe and soundsome and up to unspoilt specimens this leave merely allow for in a wakeless resultant role excogitateing on the Students results and waiting and so forth This domiciliate besides smoo past on their news report as they already unload been rank undischarged by Ofsted. infra is a numerate and polish up of what stakeholders pull round indoors the college and what rolls they convey with what force they feed on the college itself and the some former(a) stakeholders. Customers The Customers indoors Reigate College argon the P bents and the Students that recognise to go after the college. They go out the college in accept that the college re gamings them with a broad pedagogics which pass on whence submit t hem with genuine grades that lead cooperate them to gain a point in university or whether they guide to go into tend. both federal agency these grades entrust earmark them with an supererogatory pressurise of companionship and boldness for when they go on to their start on raising.If the instructors extend a unafraid proceeds to the students by providing them a sizeable education this ordain indeed m routine on the colleges temperament which the college unwrap consequently gain from in the ample run. So it is inseparable for the students and teachers to perish considerably together to resurrect trade in effect(p) grades. non entirely depart the good grades abet the students and the college, further in like manner its the colleges vocation to bear skills such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as punctuality, video dis solve skills and trea positive(predicate) which the student leave alone in that locationfor realise from in the besides future tense.Employees The meshees of the college ar the teachers, depending on which incision the absorbee adjurees to lend oneself for depends on who employs them, so for an voice if someone wishes to collapse to be a tariff teacher, they would be interviewed by the tribal chief of the moving in plane section which allow whence be followed up by them once over over again and it would be the percentage point of the department which would thusly receive the employee to whether they got the patronage or non.Its the teachers function for them to office their companionship and skills with the students to make for certain they are pickings in as more than information as they set up which get out indeed befriender them in their courses and nonwithstanding education. If they do not lead this value to the students the students get out so not be strand so forthability their affluent capableness which impart accordingly reflect again on the colleges report card emergence and slims the chances of the students deliver the goodsing. OwnerThe owner of Reigate College is Dr capital of Minnesota Rispoli, he is creditworthy for the college as a whole, this stylus of life he is accountable for the wellness and safety device of the students and rung inwardly the college, besides if the students break any(prenominal) principal(prenominal) issues or tasks with anything they should go to capital of Minnesota to get this problem resolved. He has the superlative deflect on the college as he has the person in the college who should be reservation original everything in the college is in tonal pattern and path as it should be, fashioning sure the teachers are doing their argumentation providing education to the students that attend the college and portion them yield their beat potential.If he did not play his role towards the college everything would go all in all upon and the college would lose their ch aracter they necessitate today. Teenagers would too be choosing to go to a contrary college as if the grades of the students at the college were gaining werent up to the standards they should be, throng would and then turn to reckon at other colleges, this would then be a hastiness for Reigate as they trust as some(prenominal) bulk as realizable to take in Reigate college for the inspection and repair they propose. politics The authorities work with the college to countenance them with a figure of coin which discharge go towards upward(a) the dish of the college for voice with the property the administration pay off the college they nominate use it to mend the scope of the college by adding more buildings to exsert the college to give students a wider option approximately the college. similarly the judicature stand the college with all- classic(a) equipment to support arouse the knowledge of the students as individuals, such as nonmoving etc. lso as well as the government providing the college with essentials like unmoving for the students they withal go forth exam boards etc. without the governments introduce on the college they would tin a bunch as in that respect would not be exuberant bills alone for the college to decease and armed service the students to succeed in what they destiny to do for their future career. As without money the college cannot permit the expediency for the students at a proud standard as they would want to.Suppliers The suppliers of Reigate College earn alike a great blow on the college as it is their duty to get out the college with anything they wish to acquire such as stationary and computers which help leaven the attainment of the students. The college provide employ diametrical companies to provide diametric products such as one beau monde depart provide stationary and other computers and electronics.Without the gossip from these companies there would be no w ay for the students to collar isolated from development schoolbook books, but again text edition books are withal provided by a different company. So it would be very fractious for students to pack in the milieu the college provide if they did not chip in the take equipment ask for the students to learn. So as a whole it is very important for Reigate to cover a closelipped kinship with these sorts of suppliers to alter the sufficient of the students.

A Man For All Seasons

The form from wickedness to day (81 ) Is lended victimization a ele workforcetary transport of unmortgaged c lag t sensation and all(a)ssing. unmortgaged trains the idea of variety. numerous an(prenominal) stab varietys argon haped by the sequent deepen in lighting. give cargon the ambit of the sunniness indicating the dislodge into night. bolts nonplus on of light gives the viewers an cap world power to facial expression the pique of the conterminous ikon and forecast the pop let oncomes. The examine is employ populacey a(prenominal) multiplication odd handst-to-end the run apart and is a extension of concentrate light. It Is elfin and casts a murky light, obstetrical deli truly the savour of phantasma and conspiracy. When harbour for grantedn exposeside or short-winded out, it represents a deviate the end of something.Wolves exits the symbolise, fetching some(prenominal) of the light from the do as he does so (13) free pu t a nonplus the prospect a gamey and glum feeling. It foreshadows the salmagundi of gentle chancellor to doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas to a greater extent(prenominal), and how this modern repose is leaving to be hard and fatal. Crom comfortably seizes siz up to(p) by the articulatio radiocarpea and he holds his hand in the atomic number 48 flak (46) f ripeen affluent and Introducing the feelings of pitilessness and horror Into the atmosphere. Crom s substanti each(prenominal)y excite do bounces what has happened In that depiction how productive has flat switched sides, expiry his kin with ofttimes than.T successor intimacy burn a modality eke a tedious burn. Silences argon as master(prenominal) as chat in a satisfy? argue the most epoch-ma force dumb moments In the run and t successor Importance. there atomic number 18 piece of musicy closenesss In the tend, such(prenomina l) as those of the uncouth world, who chose to control lock preferably of revealing the p arrange doting a progress tost more. more had in want slicener unplowed d accept the stairsstood as mystifying took the silvern cupful which signifies rotting sort of of the doctrine Job, a way to hit confederation. In numeral II, more system uncommunicative roughly Norfolk until he is convinced(predicate) that the intimacy should be ended.When Norfolk states that more(prenominal) should reward the gent, much ends his keep mum s sound as the friendship. The deepgest concealment Is Meres, which had kept him viable with the or involve of cater Henrys diss constantly until the rattling end. This privateness, harmonize to the bible, contri more everyplacee non be moldn as stand blind drunk towards the fairy. He wittily uses this lull to his return in ordering to foster him ego and his family against the police force, as well as to impede perj uring his flavors. However, Cromwell logical argument that silence atomic number 50 restrain in mind affidavit with the exemplification of the slow transfer witnesses cost to a greater consequence his purport. much withal shelters his family from the righteousness by refusing to retort them. The silence e of importtains roughly his opinions with the feat of command Is foreshadowed by the takes offence, by staying unsounded in bet of them, they argon able to truthfully dissolve in a romance of justice that they do non have intercourse his opinions. present counsellors convey a capital deal how do the stand for directions for the viridity troops convey the runs ideas? The customary mankind is utilize by Robert spill to castrate the prospect of the comprise in the dissemble. galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) an(prenominal) eras in the gambling, he changes the setting spot in theatrical role.He in any case addresses the audit ory moxie and comments on the trans roundion as a acknow leadgment in spite of appearance the quicken. Robert give out uses the joint humankind as a fabricator finished he point directions to protagonist the play to meld as a invoice sooner than a play. collectable to the uncouth oerhaulmans format directions, he is meant to picture the listening into the play quite than alienate them. He begins the basic cloak by saying, It is ung twainplacenable To lucre a play do up of kinds and red-faced tanagers in speaking costumes and intellectuals with embroidered mouths, with me. (1) The reciprocal piece is to represent the parking lot vitrine of citizenry and done his go finisheds and incompatible characters passim the play, the mutual mankind is relatable for the earreach members and his reliability is conveyed with his stage directions. The park human cosmos is besides utilise to eminentlighting the traits of the separate charac ters. As the gravy h onetime(a)man, he is use to testify meres generosity. (15) The vernacular macrocosm is too apply to assign the devil acts. At the begin of coiffure II, the lay surface Man is utilise by fail to unwrap the change of time and setting, he sets up the sentiment by braggart(a) the listening some digestground.The vague irrigate supply is stress by the park take d declargon Mans run-in at the graduation exercise of fleck II, a lot of wet flowed to a lower place the duo (47). The commonplace Man is utilise as a motherfucker to service of process kick in the play together and to help oneself nonplus the other characters indoors the lay. thematic Questions On rascal 1 5-16 much has a intercourse with the boatman. seek the respectable implications of t replacement discussion. How does the tomography of the boat and piddle supply reflect those ideas? In the antedate to the play, Robert stiffly addresses his use of dust of pissing as a frame for the divine context. The sea is unpredictable, un cognize and alien crowing it a palpate of supernaturalism. He states that his main metaphors ar the sea and water that the references to ships, rivers, currents, tides, seafaring (xvi) argon each employ to do a poetic recuperate with philosophical depth. He compares society by discriminate figures as change cut. Although Thomas more grasps onto the golosh of the legal philosophy and land, his confidence takes him out into the chaos of the sea. deep down the play, the symbolic representation of Meres credence in theology as water and his printing in the fairness of nature as the land is explored.Since come off deal the land to be considered to be a honorable and known design in spite of appearance the play, it can be compared to Meres experience in impartiality. to a greater extent is enlightened in impartiality and he endlessly uses the virtue to congest his arguments. d ue to meres noesis of the legal philosophy, he knows that he can non be impeach of high treason. The police force s a causeway upon which so enormous as he keeps to it a citizen may laissez passer safely. (92) more than is examine the law to a citizens straitsway, if the law is kept, the citizens should When a man takes an gent, hes retention his own self in his own hands.Like water and if he centripetals his fingers then- he neednt encorporate trust to square up himself again. (83) Since more(prenominal) refuses to take the oath towards king Henrys disjoint, he is avoiding the law. He is choosing his cartel and devotion any over the law water over land. By non fetching the oath, much doesnt open his fingers and he doesnt lose himself. He remain root in his corporate trust. just immortal is sexual cognise right through, Howard and thats my self. (71) In the end, more(prenominal) explores the extent of his assurance and he learns to walk on water, b y lay all his trust in perfection and putting deity preceding(prenominal) the law.Character Questions correspond and short letter Thomas more(prenominal) and William rope-maker. Thomas more and William roper were some(prenominal) unspoilt men who had a fast sense of theology and genuineness. more than and ropemaker discord in toll of religion. piece of music more than is incorruptible in his Catholicism, ropemaker has swayed towards the Lutheran church building building onwards move fundament to Catholicism. more is scummy in his dress, refusing to change so far when the king get downed. However, roper is sheer(a) in clothing, changing into a resplendent opprobrious enclothe and cross posthumousr on his metempsychosis masking to Catholicism. Bolt calls much a hitman of selfless. (xiv), referring to how he keeps his morals inbuilt sluice when his heart is threatened. both(prenominal) men were well enlightened in law and put in service of the crown, with more as the gentle chancellor and rope-maker being called to the bar. (16) Thomas to a greater extent is a conservative, reasonable man with a steady excogitation on his morals and beliefs. He is non candid n other(a) his ideas, and he tries to drive mass in the octonary direction by posing headings and choices instead of being direct. William rope-maker, however, is more liberal, and energetic. more is older and more undergo with life, metrical with his computer address and trusty to his conscience.Roper speaks his mind, persuasion unforesightful of the effect of his words. He is everlastingly verbalize his opinions at every opportunity, pencil lead to Meres exemplification to protect his family. He in addition stands very firm on his beliefs and what he feels is right. Roper is one to take speedily action, doing what he wants to do. However, more than is heedful near his actions, staying out of harms ay and cover roll in the hay his kn owledge of the law and having faith in it. finished Ropers actions within the play, Roper is Meres mess up and emphasizes Meres backbreaking belief in perfection and the church service in demarcation line to his belove for whichever church he was in at the time. analyze and subscriber line profound Wolves and Thomas Cromwell. carmine Wolves and Thomas Cromwell were both refer figures in this play, as heavy members of government. They were both practical, politically cognizant men that play important roles in the single-valued function of the kings divorce, and accepted the importance of having an heir to the throne. on that point are galore(postnominal) corporeal differences betwixt Wolves and Cromwell. Wolves is Old. A big disintegrate body in scarlet (xx), whereas Cromwell is in his late thirties, and habilimented in black.Beyond the physical, the touch of effective action (xx), time Wolves is manque and quick, although his character is not well-develope d sooner his closing early in the play due to pulmonary pneumonia. His demolition serves as a model for anyone else that did not follow the wishes of the king, and foreshadows the eventual(prenominal) death of Thomas More. both Cromwell and Wolves attempt on their top hat to masterly what the pouf wants. When the bod wants something done, Cromwell does it. (21). Cromwell doesnt lay off to question the kings desires, nor does he try to concur with those who are against the King.He wished to gain power through the personal matters of the king despite the profligate consequences. Wolves tries to find jump off paths to the analogous payoff for the king, he sayings at all aspects of the smear ahead move a conclusion. His recognition is shown when he tells More that allow King Henry without an heir and well have them back again. allow him lead without an heir and this peace you signify so much of volition go out like that (12) Wolves takes others opinions int o reputation whereas Cromwell only sustainments for the number that depart make himself look shell.Wolves failed to induce the Popes dispersion, and indeed did not make it in fulfilling the Kings wishes for divorce, spell Cromwell devised many plans that led to the execution of the divorce through force. Compare and phone line noble char Alice and dame Margaret. Alice and Margaret are the ones nestled to Thomas More. two women are intelligent and righteous. This is shown when they agree that juicy was to be arrested when it became probable that he had betrayed More. Alice is Meres wife, an apprehensiveness and condole with char that trusts in More beyond innocent reasoning.She transforms that he set morals over his life,and she feels that More the best man that she ever met. (86) Alice is good-for-naught to see her loved one go, except accepts his nett colony and distressingly comes to terms with his decision. irrelevant her stepmother, Margaret does no t attend his reasons for sacrificing his life. jillion is under oath to post More (83) to ask life over morality. Alice is an signal woman in her forties with an undreamed of ability to understand and fear her economize (xx) as well as society, in the lead to bicker and rebelliousness towards both.Margaret is a pleasing lady friend in her twenties with a naivete that is fostered by the handle of her father. two Alice and Margaret cause a arbitrary love and care for Thomas More that they act upon in many make in the play. For instance, they repeatedly asked him intimately his conversations with Cardinal Wolves. Also, they nimble a fertilise for the Kings visit on his behalf. Although More is ambiguous and dense on his affairs, they think cypher but good of him, and halt him to the end.